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94 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Alimentary Canal

Single tube of digestive tract with openings at both ends and specialized areas for digestion.


Active transport

Transport of a solute across a membrane that's against it's gradient (low to high).


Angiosperm

Flowering plant with "enclosed seed" AKA fruit.

Apomorphic

A derived characteristic of a clade. Any feature novel to a species and it's descendants.

Archea

One of the 3 domains of life.


Aboral

Refers to the region opposite to the mouth.

Amylase

Used in for the digestion of starch, digestive enzyme.

Autotroph

Organism that gets its energy from either inorganic molecules or light.

Bacteria

One of the 3 domains of life.

Bilateral symmetry

Can be divided equally by a vertical plane at the mid line.

Bilateria

Bilaterally symmetrical animals.

Binomial nomenclature

Standard method for naming animals. Each has a genus and a species.

Bryophytes

Liverwarts, mosses, hornwarts, the modern non vascular land plants.

Blatopore

Small opening created when a band of tissue invaginates during gastrulation.

Bulk feeder

Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, eat food in large pieces.

Cambrian Explosion

Event during Cambrian period, approximately 500 mya, where there was a huge increase in diversity of animal life.

Carboniferous

CO2 at its lowest, O2 at its highest. Big trees that didn't decompose

Carnivore

Consumes animal flesh and fluids.

Cecum

First part of the large intestine.

Choanocyte

Specialized cell in sponges that traps and eats small particles.

Choanoflagellate

Closest living animal relative. It's a unicellular eukaryote.

Chordata

Animal with spinal chord.


1) notochord (rod of cartilage that runs along back)


2) tubular nerve or spinal cord


3) gill slits or arches


4) post anal tail

Clade

Most recent common ancestor and all its descendants


Cladogenesis

Speciation pattern where a species is divided into two or more species.

Cnidaria

A stinging cell that functions in defense or for capturing prey.

Convergent evolution

Two different species from different lineages show same traits (ant eater).

Cretaceous

Last period of the Mesozoic area. K/T Boundary, right before tertiary period.


Determinate Cleavage

Fate of each embryonic cell is determined very early.

Indeterminate Cleavage

Each cell made by the cleavage has the ability to develop into a complete embryo.

Deuterostome

Animal with radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage and the blastopore becomes the anus.

Diffusion

When a solute moves from a high to low concentration. Facilitated uses a transport protein.

Diploblastic

Two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) no mesoderm

Dorsal

Refers to the upper side of the animal

Double Fertilization

Two different fertilization events occur, producing a zygote and a nutritive endosperm tissue (like placenta)

Ecdysozoa

Clade of moulting animals, encompases arthropods and nematodes

Egg/Ovum

Female gamete

Emulsification

During digestion, turns big lipid droplets into smaller lipid droplets, therefore increasing surface area

Essential nutrient

Cannot be made from any products made in the body or ingested, has to be ingested

Eukarya

One of the three domains of life

Eumetazoa

Supgroup of animals with more than one type of tissue and usually different types of organs

Feedforward regulation

Think pos/neg feedback. Detects variable change before it occurs

Fluid feeder

Licks or sucks fluids from plants or animals. Doesn't need teeth except the pierce skin.

Frugivore

Herbivore that eats mostly fruit.

Gametophyte

Haploid stage that produces gametes by mitosis (in plants and multicellular protists)

Gastrointestinal Tract

Organ system responsible for consuming and digesting food, absorbing nutrients and expelling waste. Consists of stomach and intestines.

Gastrovascular Cavity

A body cavity with a single opening on the outside- acts as digestive and circulatory systems

Gastrulation

Creating a germ layer. An area of the blastula invaginates.

Germ layer

Embryonic cell layer such as ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

(p2+ 2p+ q2=1)


Relates to allele and genotype frequency, the equation predicts equilibrium if :


-population is large


-random mating


-population doesn't migrate


-no natural selection or new mutations

Herbivore

Died of plants

Heterotrophic

Requires organic molecules from the environment

Homeostasis

Regulatory processes to maintain stable conditions

HOX genes

Class of genes involved in pattern of formation of embryos

Hydra

Freshwater colentrate with stalklike tubular body

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Species change over time, getting new characteristics. Jean- Baptiste Lamark

Lancelet

32 species of fish-like marine chordates

Lophotrozoa

Clade that encompases annelids, molluscs and several other phyla. Two morpholigical features


1) a lophophore (crown of tentacles for feeding)


2) trochophore larva

Lumen

Internal space of an organelle

Lymphatic system

System of vessels along with a group of organs and tissues where most leukocytes reside. Collects extra interstitial fluid and returns it to blood.

Micropyle

Small opening in the intugement of a seed plant ovule where pollen grows

Monophyletic

Taxon, most recent ancestor and all of its descendants.

Negative Feedback

Sensor, control, effector. Moves variable in opposite direction.

Omnivore

Eats plants and animals.

Oral surface

Region where the mouth is located

Organ systems

Different organs work together. Digestive, circulatory, excretory, nervous.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a membrane to balance solute concentration.


Hypotonic (lower solute)


Hypertonic (higher solute)

Paraphyletic group

A group that contains a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendents

Parisomy

Principle that tells us to choose the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence

Persistalsis

Involuntary muscle contraction that gets the bolus from the esophagus to the stomach

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history of species

Plathyhelminthe

Phylum of flat worms, flat, bilaterally symmetrical body and no body cavity

Plesiomorphic

An ancestral character

Symplesiomorphic

A character shared by a number of groups but inherited by ancestors older than the last common ancestor.

Polyphyletic group

Group of members from several evolutionary lines and does not include most recent common ancestor

Positive feedback

Increases variable, AKA child birth

Protist

Organism in the Eukarya domain but not plant, fungi, animal. Microscopic, likes moist areas.

Protostome

Animal that has spiral determinate cleavage and blastopore becomes the mouth

Radial symmetry

Can be divided equally by any line passing through the central axis

Radiata

Any animal displaying radial symmetry

Rugae

Folds in the stomach, increases SA

Rumen

First compartment of the stomach in a ruminant animal

SA/V Ratio

1cm


6x1^2=6


1^3=1


Ratio 6/1

Sporophyte

Diploid generation of plants or multicellular protists that have a sporic life cycle- produces haploid spores by meiosis

Sporopollenin

Tough material, makes up the walls of the plant spores, helps prevent cellular damage during transport of air

Stomach

Sac-like, food storage, partial digestion of macromolecules

Supergroup

How we organize eukaryotes into monophyletic groups (one ancestor)

Suspension feeder

Sifts through water removing organic matter and expelling the rest

Taxonomic rank

Kingdum, phylum, class.. etc

Triboplastic

3 germ layers, endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

Tunicate

a marine invertebrate of a group that includes the sea squirts and salps. They have a rubbery or hard outer coat and two siphons to draw water into and out of the body.

Vascualr tissue

Plant tisue that makes up the vascular systme, xylem and phloem, also structural support

Ventral

Lower side of the animal

Villi/Microvilli

Finger like projections extending from the luminal surface of the lumen in the small intestine. Digestion/Absorption

Zygote

Diploid cell, formed by the fusion of two gametes