Bio 181 Final Exam Yo!

Front 1

Directional selection

Back 1

ONE of the extremes of phenotype s are selected against

Front 2

Disruptive selection

Back 2

both of the extremes of phenotypes are selected for

Front 3

Stabilizing selection

Back 3

both extremes of phenotypes are selected against

Front 4

Example of directional selection

Back 4

industrial revolution, moths and lichen

Front 5

Example of disruptive selection

Back 5

Singer fish and sneaker fish; good singer, small testes/ bad singer big balls

Front 6

Example of stabilizing selection

Back 6

Birth weights - better to stay in middle

Front 7

Balanced polymorphism

Back 7

Different phenotypes exist at relatively stable frequencies over long term

Front 8

Sexual selection

Back 8

Traits that benefit reproduction will stay around even if detrimental

Front 9

Examples of sexual selection

Back 9

Deer antlers

Front 10

2 mechanisms of sexual selection

Back 10

male competition/female choice

Front 11

Differential parental investment

Back 11

female reproductive success limited by resources; male reproductive

Front 12

2 implications of the Darwinian paradigm

Back 12

females are choosy and males are less discriminating

Front 13

What are the evolutionary mechanisms (3)

Back 13

1. Genetic drift
2. Gene flow/migration
3. Mutation

Front 14

Genetic drift occurs by what?

Back 14

bottleneck effect

Front 15

Founder effect

Back 15

group picks up and fragments off

Front 16

Gene flow includes migration of what?

Back 16

individual alleles

Front 17

Mutation is the only way to get new ?

Back 17

genetic material

Front 18

3 types of mutation

Back 18

1. silent
2. missense
3. frameshift

Front 19

Define silent mutation

Back 19

no effect due to mutation

Front 20

Why does silent mutation show no effect?

Back 20

1. Alot of DNA is non-coded
2. redundancy built into system

Front 21

Define missense mutation

Back 21

point mutations: change in letter at one point to mess everything up

Front 22

Define frameshift mutation

Back 22

mutation that causes entire frame to shift. caused by sun, smoking, naturally

Front 23

Evolution can only act on ____

Back 23

existing structures

Front 24

Define phylogenetics

Back 24

study of evolutionary relationships

Front 25

Define monophyletics

Back 25

all individuals in your group includes all points and comes from common ancestors

Front 26

Define paraphyletics

Back 26

when a group is left out

Front 27

What does "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" mean?

Back 27

We share traits with ancestors that define our chordates

Front 28

4 characteristics of a chordate

Back 28

1. notochord
2. dorsal hollow nerve cord
3. pharyngeal pouches
4. post-anal tail

Front 29

pnedomorphosis

Back 29

retention of larval characteristics in adult form

Front 30

What type of rock are most fossils found in?

Back 30

sedimentary

Front 31

Endosymbiosis

Back 31

one bacteria engulfs many others and keeps them as slaves
ex. mitochondria

Front 32

Name four tools for reconstructing phylogenies

Back 32

1. morphology
2. development
3. fossils
4. molecular data

Front 33

What law states the simple steps are more likely than many, complex ones

Back 33

Parsimony

Front 34

What is an ancestral character and what is another name for it?

Back 34

Unites all species in cladogram
- Symplesiomorphy

Front 35

what is the node?

Back 35

point of divergence

Front 36

Define synapomorphy

Back 36

derived characteristics

Front 37

Define homologous characteristics and example

Back 37

characteristics due to common ancestry
example: hair

Front 38

Define analogous characteristics and example

Back 38

similar characters that arose independently
example: the wings of a bat are analogous to wings of a duck

Front 39

Define polyphyletics

Back 39

group that includes multiple evolutionary lineages

Front 40

Define species

Back 40

A group of related organisms or populations in which genes are actually, or potentially, exchanged through interbreeding

Front 41

What are 3 problems with the definition of species?

Back 41

1. often based on morphology
2. what to do with asexuals
3. can't get a fossil to have sex

Front 42

Define allopatric speciation

Back 42

seperated by physical barriers and evolve separately - if joined again can't reproduce

Front 43

Define sympatric speciation

Back 43

occurs due to reproductive barriers not physical

Front 44

Define pre-zygotic barriers

Back 44

habitat isolation - move to new area and develop new niches

Front 45

Post-zygotic barriers

Back 45

occurs by new alleles arising (mutation) - two species can't reproduce with each other

Front 46

Allopolyploidy

Back 46

Chromosomal duplication between two species

Front 47

Darwin believed in slow, gradual speciation

Back 47

gradualism

Front 48

Gould believed in what?

Back 48

Punctuated equilibrium - short periods of rapid change and long periods of stasis