Bio Exam Units 1 And 2

Front 1

What is science

Back 1

An organized way of getting and analyzing evidence about the natural world. A way of observing, a way of thinking, and a way of knowing.

Front 2

State the goals of science

Back 2

1) To provide natural explanations for events in the natural world.
2) Aims to use those explanations to understand patterns in nature and make predictions about natural events.

Front 3

STEPS TO SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY
Observing and Asking Questions

Back 3

Observing something and then asking a question about why something happens, or why it looks that way.

Front 4

Observation

Back 4

The act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way. (more than just looking at things)

Front 5

STEPS TO SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY
Inferring and Forming a Hypothesis

Back 5

After posing the question off the observation, combines an inference with creative imagination to form a hypothesis.

Front 6

Inference

Back 6

A logical interpretation based on what scientists already know.

Front 7

Hypothesis

Back 7

Combines an inference with creative imagination. A scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it.

Front 8

STEPS TO SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY
Designing Controlled Experiments

Back 8

Tests a scientific hypothesis and involves designing an experiment that keeps track of the variables (factors that can change)

Front 9

Controlled Experiment

Back 9

An experiment in which only one variable is changed, all other variables are kept unchanged or controlled.

Front 10

Independent Variable

Back 10

The variable that is deliberately changed. (meant to be added)

Front 11

Dependent variable

Back 11

The variable that is observed and that changed in response to the independent variable. (is dependent on independent)

Front 12

Control group

Back 12

The group in the experiment that is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group but does not get the independent variable. (the experimental group gets the independent variable)

Front 13

STEPS TO SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY
Collecting and analyzing data

Back 13

Scientists make detailed records of experimental observation, gather data.

Front 14

STEPS TO SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY
Drawing Conclusions

Back 14

Scientists use experimental data as evidence to support, refute, or revise the hypothesis. Indicates whether the hypothesis is right or wrong.

Front 15

Scientific theory and how it differs from the usual use of theory

Back 15

science - a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations. (non science wise it could mean idea or a hypothesis)

Front 16

The relationship between science and society

Back 16

In this relationship, using science involves understanding its context in society and its limitations. (for example, it depends on where you live on what you should wear or how you should walk, science cannot tell that)

Front 17

The characteristics of living things

Back 17

These are all of what most living things have in common. Made of cells, reproduce, response to stimuli, food getting, evolution, elimination of waste, life cycle, growth and repair, able to reproduce, DNA, use of energy, maintain homeostasis.

Front 18

Homeostasis

Back 18

All organisms need to keep their environment stable, no matter what the external conditions are.

Front 19

Metabolism

Back 19

The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials. (like when we eat food, and we break it down and dont gain 20 pounds)

Front 20

The central themes of biology

Back 20

Cellular basis of life,
information and heredity,
matter and energy,
growth development and reproduction,
homeostasis,
evolution,
structure and function,
unity and diversity of life, interdependence in nature,
science as a way of knowing.

Front 21

Explain how life can be studied at different levels

Back 21

You can study at a cellular level, organ level, (organs, organism, cells) Just say that there are many different levels you can study at that range from large to small.

Front 22

What are the three subatomic particles that make up atoms?

Back 22

These, despite the smallness of atoms, make up each one, and they are Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.

Front 23

Atom

Back 23

The most basic unit of matter, the smallest unit.

Front 24

Nucleus

Back 24

Protons and neutrons combined, the control center of the atom.

Front 25

Electron

Back 25

Negatively charged particle that remain outside of the nucleus because of the energy of their motion

Front 26

Element

Back 26

A substance that consists of one type of atom.

Front 27

Isotopes

Back 27

Atoms that are the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

Front 28

How are all the isotopes of an element similar and different?

Back 28

They are the same because they contain the same amount of electrons, but they differ because their mass numbers (protons and neutrons) are different.

Front 29

Compound

Back 29

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements.

Front 30

How are compounds different from their component elements

Back 30

When these elements form together, they combine to make very different things than on their own (water)

Front 31

Ionic bonds

Back 31

(the way in which compounds are held together) Formed when one or more electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another

Front 32

Covalent bonds

Back 32

(the way in which compounds are held together) Instead of transferring electrons, the atoms share each other's electrons.

Front 33

Ions

Back 33

Positively and negatively charged atoms (when there is electrons lost = positive charge, when gained = negative charge.

Front 34

Molecule

Back 34

A bond, made up of two atoms.

Front 35

Describe the uniqueness of the properties of water.

Back 35

Because water is a polar molecule, it is able to formmultiple hydrogen bonds, which account for many of water's special properties.

- Polarity (water has unevenly distributed charges).
- Hydrogen bonding
- Cohesion
- Adhesion
- Heat capacity

Front 36

Hydrogen bond

Back 36

The attraction of one hydrogen atom with a positive charge and one hydrogen atom with a negative charge.

Front 37

Adhesion

Back 37

The force of attraction between molecules of different substances

Front 38

Cohesion

Back 38

Attraction between molecules of same substance

Front 39

Polar bond

Back 39

A compound is polar when there is both charges involved, when one end is positive and one end is negative.

Front 40

Describe the unique qualities of carbon

Back 40

Since it has 4 valence electrons, it can bond with hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen to form the molecules of life, it can make so many different bonds.

Front 41

Macromolecules

Back 41

Pretty much a giant compound, made of thousand of smaller molecules.

Front 42

Monomer

Back 42

The smaller unit to a polymer which makes up that polymer.

Front 43

Polymer

Back 43

What the monomers make up.

Front 44

Carbohydrates

Back 44

One of the four groups of macromolecules, made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Used as a source of energy for most living things.

Front 45

Monosaccharide

Back 45

Simple sugar molecule, associates with carbohydrate macromolecules.

Front 46

Lipids

Back 46

Can be used to store energy, some are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings made from carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Front 47

Phospholipid

Back 47

Lipid in its simplest form

Front 48

Nucleic Acids

Back 48

Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information, made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Front 49

Nucleotides

Back 49

What makes up nucleic acids, monomer to them.

Front 50

Proteins

Back 50

Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes, while others form cell structures, and transmit things in and out of cell structures. Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Front 51

Amino acids

Back 51

Join together to form proteins, link by peptide bonds to form peptides.

Front 52

Explain how chemical reactions affect chemical bonds

Back 52

Chemical reactions involve changes in chemical bonds that join that join atoms in compounds

Front 53

Activation energy

Back 53

Energy that is needed to get a reaction started.

Front 54

Catalyst

Back 54

Substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction, when it is too slow or needed.

Front 55

Enzymes

Back 55

Proteins that act as biological catalysts, speed up chemical reactions in cells.

Front 56

Substrates

Back 56

Reactant of an enzyme catalyzed reaction, binds with the enzyme.

Front 57

Describe how energy changes affect how easily a chemical reaction will occur.

Back 57

Chemical reactions that release energy will often occur on their own, or spontaneously, and ones that absorb energy, will not occur without a source of energy.

Front 58

Explain why enzymes are important to living things

Back 58

Because they control all of the speed for making the materials plants need, releasing energy, and transferring information.

Front 59

To sum up enzymes and substrates

Back 59

An enzyme bonds to a substrate and lowers the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction.