Bio Exam Iii

Front 1

Define digestion.

Back 1

Ingesting food and breaking it down into smaller components.

Front 2

What is the absorption process.

Back 2

Nutrients are absorbed into the vessels of a villus, which contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary, called a lacteal. Sugars from carbohydrates and amino acids from proteins enter the blood capillaries of the villus, while glycerol and fatty acids from fats enter the epithelial cells of the villi. The glycerol and fatty acids are then joined and packaged as lipo-protein droplets that enter the lacteal. After nutrients are absorbed they are eventually carried to all the cells of the body through the blood stream.

Front 3

Define villus.

Back 3

Small finger-like projection of the inner small intestinal wall.

Front 4

Define capillary.

Back 4

Microscopic blood vessel; gases and other substances are exchanged across the walls of a capillary between blood and tissue fluid.

Front 5

Define lymphatic capillary.

Back 5

Smallest vessels of the lymphatic system; closed-ended; responsible for the uptake of fluids from the surrounding tissues.

Front 6

What is the lacteal?

Back 6

Lymphatic vessel in the intestinal villas; aids the absorption of fats.

Front 7

What macronutrient do sugars come from?

Back 7

Carbohydrates.

Front 8

What macronutrient do amino acids come from?

Back 8

Proteins.

Front 9

What macronutrient do glycerol and fatty acids come from?

Back 9

Lipids (fats).

Front 10

What are the three macronutrients?

Back 10

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats).

Front 11

What are some examples of a micronutrient?

Back 11

vitamins and minerals such as iron and calcium.

Front 12

Why are vitamins and minerals classified as micronutrients?

Back 12

Only small quantities are needed in the diet to replace negligible daily losses.

Front 13

What are the nutrients that contain the greatest amount of energy per gram (measured in calories)?

Back 13

Fats.

Front 14

What does it mean to have balanced diet?

Back 14

Calories consumed are equal to calories used; all nutrients required by the cell are available in the diet in sufficient amounts.

Front 15

Define absorption.

Back 15

The process of moving nutrients from the digestive system into to blood.

Front 16

What are the main components of the human digestive system and what order do they go in?

Back 16

1. Mouth

2. esophogus

3. stomach

4. small intestine

5. large intestine

6. rectum and anus

Front 17

What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion? Give an example of each.

Back 17

Mechanical: breaks down the food into smaller pieces (mouth--teeth, tongue)

Chemical: changes the food particles into nutrients the body can use (mouth--saliva & the enzyme amylase)

Front 18

What role does the mouth play in the digestive system?

Back 18

Mostly mechanical digestion--teeth and tongue break food up and move it around so it can be swallowed, and saliva adds water and helps break it down as well;

A little chemical digestion--salivatory glands secrete an enzyme called salivary amylase which reduces each molecule to the building block of that category.

Front 19

Does any absorption happen in the mouth during the digestive process?

Back 19

No.

Front 20

What role does the esophogus play in the digestive system?

Back 20

Mechanical digestion--muscles move the food particles down to the stomach through peristalsis

Front 21

Define peristalsis.

Back 21

The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

Front 22

What role does the stomach play in the digestive system?

Back 22

Main job is storage of the food as it comes from the mouth and down the esophogus because it has to enter the small intestine slowly.

Secondary job is to continue digestion mechanically--grinding the bolus and blending it until it is chyme, and chemically--not any more than occurs in the mouth though.

Front 23

Is stomach acid part of mechanical or chemical digestion?

Back 23

Mechanical. It helps the stomach break up the food into chyme but does not chemically alter the food at all.

Front 24

Define bolus.

Back 24

Chewed up food.

Front 25

Define chyme.

Back 25

Food that has been liquified by the stomach.

Front 26

What role does the small intestine play in the digestive system?

Back 26

Where 90% of the chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs. The main function of the small intestine is absorption of nutrients and minerals from food and the process of absorption takes time.

Front 27

What role does the large intestine play in the digestive system?

Back 27

(aka "colon")

Stores undigestible "stuff" but mainly absorbs and re-captures water lost during the digestive process. There are a lot of bacteria in the large intestine, some good and some bad.

Front 28

How much water is secreted a day during the digestive process?

Back 28

About 6 liters per day.

Front 29

If the large intestine captures too little or too much water, what are the consequences?

Back 29

Too little water=diarrhea

Too much water=constipation

Front 30

What role do the rectum and anus play in the digestive system?

Back 30

Waste management.

Front 31

What are the accessory organs in the digestive system?

Back 31

Pancreas, liver & gallbladder

Front 32

What is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system?

Back 32

During digestion: production of many digestive enzymes

After digestion: production of hormones such as insulin that regulates blood sugar.

Front 33

What role do the liver and gallbladder play in the digestive system during digestion?

Back 33

An active role through the production of bile. Bile is a mixture of water, bile salts (from the gallbladder), cholesterol, and the pigment bilirubin. Hepatocytes in the liver produce bile, which then passes through the bile ducts to be stored in the gallbladder. When food containing fats reaches the duodenum, the cells of the duodenum release the hormone cholecystokinin to stimulate the gallbladder to release bile. Bile travels through the bile ducts and is released into the duodenum where it emulsifies large masses of fat. The emulsification of fats by bile turns the large clumps of fat into smaller pieces that have more surface area and are therefore easier for the body to digest.

Front 34

Define duodenum.

Back 34

The first and shortest segment of the small intestine. Many chemical secretions from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder mix with the chyme in the duodenum to facilitate chemical digestion.

Front 35

What role do the liver and gallbladder play in the digestive system after digestion?

Back 35

Conversion of absorbed nutrients through storage, detoxification, and transport.

Front 36

What is the 2nd largest organ in the human body?

Back 36

The liver.

Front 37

Define the term organ system.

Back 37

A collection of organs working together to perform a common function.

Front 38

Define respiration.

Back 38

The process of delivering oxygen (O2) to the cells and removing carbon dioxide (CO2)

Front 39

Define ventilation.

Back 39

Movement of air in and out of lungs.

Front 40

Define systemic respiration.

Back 40

Delivering gasses to and from tissues.

Front 41

Define cellular respiration.

Back 41

Use and production of gasses by cells.

Front 42

What are the steps in the respiration cycle?

Back 42

Air (O2)-->respiratory (acquisition/elimination)-->Circulatory or Cardiovascular (transport)-->cellular (cell respiration)<~~~>carbon dioxide (CO2)-->circulatory-->respiratory

(repeat)

Front 43

What is the major function of the circulatory and respiratory systems?

Back 43

Respiration which is the delivery of oxygen to cells and the removal of carbon dioxide from the cells.

Front 44

Define interstitial fluid.

Back 44

(aka tissue fluid) is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals.

Front 45

What is the role of interstitial fluid in the respiratory system?

Back 45

Acquires nutrients and oxygen.

Front 46

Why must there be more oxygen in the interstitial fluid than in the cells that are in the fluid?

Back 46

So diffusion can occur. The bigger the difference, the more diffusion occurs.

Front 47

What is the difference between an open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system?

Back 47

Open: Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood. Mollusks and arthropods.

Closed: blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities. Most vertebrates.

Front 48

What are the functions of the circulatory/cardiovascular system?

Back 48

1. Homeostasis

2. Transport

3. Protection (immunity)

4. Movement

Front 49

What function does the right side of the heart have? And the left side?

Back 49

Right side pumps the blood from the heart to the lungs; Left side receives and pumps the oxygen rich blood to the body.

Front 50

What is the pulmonary circuit?

Back 50

Pumps blood to the lungs.

Front 51

What is the systemic circuit?

Back 51

Pumps blood to tissues.

Front 52

What kind of circulatory pathway do humans have?

Back 52

two-circuit/"double-loop"

Front 53

What is the difference in color between the left and right sides of the heart? Why?

Back 53

Left is bright red and right is dark red (not blue) because oxygen adds color (red) and the left side gets more oxygen then the right side so the left has more color.

Front 54

Do muscles need oxygen?

Back 54

Yes.

Front 55

Is the heart a muscle?

Back 55

Yes, it is a muscular organ.

Front 56

How do we label pathways in the circulatory system?

Back 56

Arteries, capillaries, and veins.

Front 57

What is the function of an artery?

Back 57

Carries blood away from the heart.

Front 58

What is the function of capillaries?

Back 58

exchange materials with tissue fluid.

Front 59

What is the function of veins?

Back 59

Return blood to the heart.

Front 60

What are the functions of red blood cells?

Back 60

Contain hemoglobin (from an iron-containing group) which allows them to carry oxygen (because iron and oxygen can loosely combine).

Front 61

What happens with too few RBCs?

Back 61

A person becomes anemic (low iron) and feels tired and rundown.

Front 62

Where are RBCs made?

Back 62

Red bone marrow of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and the ends of long bones.

Front 63

What is the function of white blood cells?

Back 63

To protect the body against unhealthy viruses or bacteria, etc.

Front 64

How do WBCs differ from RBCs?

Back 64

WBCs are larger, have a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, and appear translucent.

Front 65

What is a leukocyte?

Back 65

A white blood cell (WBC)

Front 66

What are the five main types of leukocytes?

Back 66

1. Neutrophils (granular)

2. Basophil (granular)

3. Eosinophils (granular)

4. Monocytes (agranular)

5. Lymphocytes (agranular)

Front 67

What is a granular leukocyte?

Back 67

Neutrophils, Basophils, and eosinophils; contain vesicles ("granules") that enzymes and proteins that the cells use to help defend the body against invading microbes and other parasites.

Front 68

What is an agranular leukocyte?

Back 68

Monocytes and lymphocytes; do not contain obvious granules.

Front 69

What are platelets?

Back 69

(Aka thrombocytes) result from fragmentation of large cells in the red bone marrow.

Front 70

What role do platelets play in the circulatory system?

Back 70

They aid in clotting blood when a blood vessel is injured.

Front 71

Define plasma (as it has to do with the circulatory system)

Back 71

Contains many types of molecules including nutrients, wastes, salts, and hundreds of different types of proteins.

Front 72

What role does plasma play in the circulatory system?

Back 72

Some proteins in plasma aid with clotting, transport large molecules, buffer the blood, and produce antibodies, to name a few.

Front 73

Define antibodies.

Back 73

proteins produced by the immune system in response to specific pathogens.

Front 74

What are the formed elements when referring to blood?

Back 74

1. Red blood cells/RBCs (erythrocytes)

2. White blood cells/WBCs (leukocytes)

3. Platelets (thrombocytes)

Front 75

What is the path of blood through the heart?

Back 75

1. The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava carry oxygen-poor blood that is rich with carbon dioxide and empty it into the right atrium;

2. The right atrium sends blood through an atrioventicular valve to the right ventricle;

3. The right ventricle sends blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and the two pulmonary arteries to the lungs;

4. Four pulmonary veins, which carry oxygen-rich blood empty into the left atrium;

5. The left atrium sends blood through an atrioventricular valve to the left ventricle;

6. The left ventricle sends blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and the rest of the body.

Front 76

What is the diaphragm?

Back 76

A horizontal muscle that divides the thoratic cavity (above) from the abdominal cavity (below)

Front 77

What function does the diaphragm perform?

Back 77

When inhaling (inspiration), chest expands, ribs move up and out, and the diaphragm contracts and moves down;

When exhaling (expiration), the rib cage moves down and the diaphragm relaxes and moves up to its former position.

Front 78

What is the respiration path in humans?

Back 78

1. Nose

2. Pharynx

3. Trachea

4. Bronchi

5. Lungs

Front 79

Where does gas exchange occur?

Back 79

Between the air in the alveoli, which fill the internal region of the lungs, and the blood in the capillaries.

Front 80

Inhalation is the _______ phase of breathing.

Exhalation is the _______ phase of breathing.

Back 80

Active

Passive

Front 81

What is the process/formula of external respiration?

Back 81

Hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion--> carbonic acid --> water + carbon dioxide

Front 82

What is the process/formula of internal respiration?

Back 82

Oxyhemoglobin--> deoxyhemoglobin + oxygen

Front 83

Where does carbon dioxide collect within the body?

Back 83

Tissue fluid.

Front 84

Where is hemoglobin found in the body?

Back 84

Red blood cells

Front 85

The movement of air into and out of the lungs is most appropriately called_______?

Back 85

Ventilation

Front 86

The exchange of gasses in our lungs is called ________________?

Back 86

External respiration

Front 87

The exchange of gasses in our tissues is called ________________?

Back 87

Internal respiration

Front 88

Define partial pressure

Back 88

the amount of pressure each gas exerts

Front 89

How much of blood is made of plasma? How much of cells?

Back 89

45%, 55%