Bio Exam 2 The Body Defense

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type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. carried out by protists and certain immune cells of animals

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phagocytosis

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a phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell

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macrophage

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important in defending against multicellular invaders

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eosinophils

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a type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells as part of innate immunity

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natural killer cells

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involves release of substances that promote swelling, enhance the infiltration of abc, and aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens

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inflammatory response

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a substance released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable in inflammatory and allergic responses

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histamine

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the lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow and become effector cells for the humoral immune response

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B cells

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the class of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus; they include both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper cells required for both branches of adaptive immunity

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T cells

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a substance that elicits an immune response by binding to receptors of B cells, antibodies, or of T cells

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antigen

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a protein secreted by plasma cells that bind to a particular antigen; also called immunoglobin
-shape?

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antibody
-Y shaped structure and monomer consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

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one of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymphoid organ until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation. -mount the secondary immune response

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memory cell

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the antibody-secreting effector cell of humoral immunity
-arise from what kind of cell?

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plasma cells
-B cells

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a type of lymphocyte that when activated, kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells

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cytotoxic T cell

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a type of t cell that when activated secretes cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotoxic T cells (cell-mediated response) to antigens

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helper T cell

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the branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids

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humoral immune response

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the branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells

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cell-mediated immune response

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the process of generating a state of immunity by artificial means

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immunization

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antibodies specific for a particular microbe are administered, conferring immediate but temporary protection

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passive immunization

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an inactive or weakened for of a pathogen is administered, inducing B and T cell responses and immunological memory

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vaccination

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the symptoms and signs present during the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specific reduction in the number of T cells and the appearance of secondary infections

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AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

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a protein that has antiviral or immune regulatory functions

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interferon

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a host protein that functions in antigen presentation.
-can trigger T cell responses on transplanted tissue that may lead to rejection of the transplant

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major histocompatibility complex molecule

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what kind of defenses do vertebrates have against pathogenic organisms, tumors, and other agents?

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physical, chemical, and cellular

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what happens during early stages of invasion and damage?

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white blood cells escape from capillaries and execute counter attack

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what triggers an immune response?

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antigen

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types of immune responses?

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production of antibodies, whole cell responses

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examples of pathogens?

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viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasitic worms

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barriers the pathogen must penetrate before nonspecific internal defenses?

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skin, mucous membranes,

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first line of nonspecific defenses?

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skin, mucous membranes, hair and hairlike structures, acid, saliva, harmless bacteria

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how do the three parts of skin defend the body?

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cells-prevent entry of pathogens
glands-ph of oil and sweat (3-5) discourage microbial growth
earwax-traps microorganisms

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how do mucous membranes defend?

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trap pathogens

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hair and hair like structures defense? (cilia)

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filter air (nasal hairs), transport mucus

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acid defense?
-located?

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-stomach, vagina
-limits growth of fungi and bacteria

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saliva, tears with lysozome defense?

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enzymes destroy the cell walls of susceptible bacteria

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"harmless bacteria" defense?

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suppress pathogenic bacterial growth

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nonspecific internal defenses?

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phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins, interferons

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phagocytic cells
-three types?
-two develop from?
how do they work?

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-neutrophils and macrophages develop from monocytes
-eosinophils bombard large parasites and other multicellular invaders

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natural killer cells
-how do they work?

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release chemicals that break down their target cell's membrane, attack tumor cells, cells infected by viruses

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two types of natural killer cells?

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lymphocytes, basophils

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phagocytic cell that engulfs and digests all foreign objects

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macrophages

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describe phagocytosis

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-wbc leaves capillary and engulfs pathogen through endocytosis
-vacuole in phagocyte forms around pathogens
-lysosome fuses with vacuole
-enzymes from lysosome destroy pathogen and debris is released

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describe how natural killer cells work

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-cell contains nucleus and vesicle containing pore-forming protein
-contacts infected cell, releases proteins
-causes cell apoptosis

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literal definition of inflammation?

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to set a fire

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how does inflammation work?
-two types of cells used?

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mast cells at site of injury release histamine and macrophages release cytokines
-capillaries widen, allowing antimicrobial peptides and neutrophils to engulf pathogens

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purpose of histamine?
purpose of cytokines?

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vasodilation (redness in skin)
promote blood flow to injury

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three symptoms of inflammation caused by?

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redness- vasodilation - histamine produced by mast cells
warmth - increased blood flow and phagocytes - cytokines released by macrophages
swelling - increased capillary permeability - attracts phagocytic abc (neutrophils)

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how does fever work to inhibit bacterial growth?

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-white blood cells release pyrogens
1. raise body's temp set point
2. increase body temp
3. decrease iron and zinc in bloodstream (slows down bacterial reproduction)

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a group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens

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complement system (antimicrobial protein defense)

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functions of antimicrobial proteins?

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complement system, attack bacteria, fungi on cell wall, attract phagocytes, stimulate phagocytosis, stimulate inflammation

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a chemical messenger produced by virus infected body cells and capable of stimulating resistance in uninfected cells by synthesis of anti-viral enzymes

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interferons

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components of specific response immune system?

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lymph nodes and spleen
-thymus gland
-bone marrow
-blood cells (WBCs)
-antibodies

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WBC maturation site?

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lymph nodes and spleen

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T-cell lymphocytes maturation site?

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thymus gland

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where stem cells produce blood cells, where B-cell lymphocytes mature

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bone marrow

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specific immune response blood cells

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macrophages, B-cells, T-cells

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WBCs that both destroy invading microbes and help alert other immune cells by secreting interleukin-1 (chemical regulator)

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macrophages

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lymphocytes that produce antibodies
-daughter cell that secretes antibodies into bloodstream?

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B-cells
-plasma cell

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long lived cells that provide future immunity?

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memory cells (B and T cells)

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turn off immune response

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suppressor T cells

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stimulate immune responses by both B cells and killer T cells
-secrete interleukin-2

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helper T cells

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effector cells of B cells

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plasma cells that secrete antibodies, antibodies bind to antigens on a microbe and promote phagocytosis by a macrophage

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effector cells of T cells

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helper T cells, and cytotoxic T cells

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clonal selection: B cells

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antigen binds to antigen receptor, selected B cell forms clones, some develop into memory cells (future rapid response to same antigen) others into plasma cell that secrete antibodies into circulation

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something that elicits a specific response form a lymphocyte

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antigen

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an antigen binding protein associated with B cells (immunoglobulin)

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antibody

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difference between B cell antigen receptors and antibodies?

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B cell receptors are bound, antigens secreted.
-BUT same y shaped protein

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structure of an antibody

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-y shaped, four polypeptides each with constant region and variable region

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*during immune cell differentiation, variable regions can change while constant regions stay constant

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aw ye
*antibodies bind to a hormone secreted by newly pregnant woman

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first immune response vs second immune response

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second is quicker, stronger, prolonged

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3 parts of immune response

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recognition, attack, memory

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antigen presenting cell examples?
-must have what?

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dendritic cell, macrophage, or B cell
-class II MHC molecule
*infected body cells have class I MHC molecule but is not the same

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what binds to class I MHC molecule vs what binds to class II MHC molecule

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class I - cytotoxic t cell
class II - helper T cell

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describe co-stimulation

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-macrophage with antigen fragment and class II MHC molecule binds to T cell receptor
-interleukin 1 activates helper T cells
-interleukin 2 and other cytokines secreted by helper T cell activates other helper T cells, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells

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four methods of inactivation of antigens by antibodies

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neutralization, agglutination of microbes, precipitation of soluble antigens, complement fixation

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ANTIBODIES DO NOT KILL PATHOGENS THEMSELVES

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GOT IT??

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antibodies bind to viral surface proteins, block ability to bind to host cell

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neutralization, enhances phagocytosis

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co-receptor (surface protein of helper T cells)

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CD4

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antibody complement system: describe

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antibodies bind to antigens on surface of foreign cell, complement proteins follow.
-form a membrane attack complex that forms a pore in foreign cell, allows for water and ions to rush in and lyses foreign cell

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how do cytotoxic t cells destroy infected cell?

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-bind to class I MHC
-T cell releases perforin molecules, which form pores, and granzymes, which initiate apoptosis

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-co receptor (surface protein of killer T cells)

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CD8

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difference between plasma cells and active cytotoxic cells

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plasma cells secrete antidotes, and ENHANCE
-cytotoxic t cells LYSE cells

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injection of weakened or killed microbes stimulate development of memory cells

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vaccination

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inappropriate immune response to certain antigens called allergens

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allergies

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symptoms of AIDS

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flu-like, weight loss, fever, night sweats
-enlarged lymph nodes

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how does AIDS work?

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caused by RNA viruses, destroy helper T-cells, infect more helper T cells, immune system stops working

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highest population of people with aids?

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USA and Canada

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why do most people die of aids

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FUNGI

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most abundant and second must abundant WBD

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1. neutrophil
2. lymphocyte