Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Phenotype
|
any property of an organism that can be attributed to that organism (height, weight, eye color, obnoxiousness, etc.)
|
|
|
Genome
|
genetic information
|
|
|
Chromosomes
|
made of DNA and chromatin
|
|
|
Somatic cells
|
all cells except reproductive cells
|
|
|
Gametes
|
reproductive cells
|
|
|
Chromatin
|
A complex of DNA and associated protein molecules
|
|
|
Centrosomes
|
Associated with formation of spindle fibers
Form “spindle poles” during mitosis |
|
|
Mitosis
|
the process by which genetic information is passed from parent to daughter cells
|
|
|
G1 (Interphase)
|
Each chromosome is a single, unreplicated double strand of DNA.
One chromosome from each parent (Male, Female) forms a Homologous Pair (= “homologs”) |
|
|
S-phase (DNA synthesis)
|
After DNA replication, TWO “sister chromatids” are present for each homolog.
Each sister chromatid is the SAME double-stranded DNA molecule |
|
|
G2 (Interphase)
|
Duplication of centrosomes
|
|
|
M1 (Early Prophase)
|
Chromosomes condense.
Mitotic spindle forms from centrosome. Centrosomes begin to migrate to poles of cell. Nucleoli disappear. |
|
|
M2 (Mid-prophase)
|
Chromosomes fully condensed
Centrosomes complete migration to the poles Nuclear envelope begins to degrade Spindle fibers enter nuclear area from the pole Kinetochores form at centromeres |
|
|
Centromere
|
Where two chromatids are connected
|
|
|
Cytokinesis
|
Division of the cytoplasm
|
|
|
Interphase
|
cell grows and copies its chromosomes
|
|
|
M3 (Prometaphase)
|
Nuclear envelope completely degraded
Kinetochores form at centromeres Some spindle fibers attach at kinetochores Sister chromatids attached to opposite poles |
|
|
Kinetochore
|
a structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere
|
|
|
Aster
|
radial array of short microtubules
|
|
|
Centrosome
|
a nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to0 organize the cell's microtubules
|
|
|
M4 (Metaphase)
|
Spindle fibers attached to centromere at kinetochore
All sister chromatids attached to opposite poles Chromosomes migrate to center plane of cell, “metaphase plate” |
|
|
M5 (Early Anaphase)
|
Protein bond between sister chromatids degrades
Sister chromatids separate, begin migration toward opposite poles Poles move farther apart as non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthen |
|
|
M5 (Late Anaphase)
|
Chromosomes (no longer “chromatids”) have reached poles
|
|
|
M6 (Telophase)
|
Non-kinetochore spindle fibers continue to elongate cell
Nuclear envelopes begin to form at poles Chromosomes de-condense back into chromatin Nucleoli re-form, cytokinesis begins |
|
|
Mitotic Spindle
|
Made of microtubules
|
|
|
Microtubules
|
“Molecular motors” can move along microtubules
|
|
|
Cell cycle - Regulation
|
Chemical signals regulate “checkpoints” in the cell cycle
RESULTS of certain chemical processes are “checked” If results not appropriate, cell division does not proceed |
|
|
G1 checkpoint
|
Cell will not enter into S phase unless appropriate signal is received
|
|
|
G_0 phase
|
Non dividing state
|
|
|
kinases
|
enzymes that activate or inactivate proteins by phosphorylating them
|
|
|
cyclins
|
a kinase (cdk) attached to cyclin controls cell regulation
|
|
|
cdk
|
cyclin dependent kinase
|
|
|
M-checkpoint
|
if kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules, sister chromatids remain attached
|
|
|
Gene
|
specific segment of DNA
|
|
|
Locus
|
Physical location on the chromosome
|
|
|
Diplod cell
|
two sets of chromosomes
|
|
|
Haploid cells
|
single set of chromosomes
|
|
|
GAMETES
|
haploid reproductive cells that transmit genes across generations
|
|
|
autosomes
|
homologous pairs of chromosomes
|
|
|
Meiosis
|
produces haploid cells from diploid cells
|
