Bio 2060 Exam #2

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Genetics

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the science of heredity, is the study of what genes are how they carry information, how they replicated and passed to future generations of cells or passed between organisms, and how their information is expressed within an organsisms to determine the particular characteristics of that organism

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chromosomes

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are the structures containing DNA that physicllay carry hereditary information. Contain the genes

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Genome

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genetic information in a cell

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gene

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segment of dna that codes for a product
Directs the synthesis of particular proteins and enzymes that give the cell ability to perform specific functions

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DNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid. Macromolecule composed of repeating units known as nucleotides.

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Double helix

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DNA within a cell exists as two long strands of nucleotides twisted together

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Genetic Code

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arrangement and pairing of of nucleotides

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nucleotides

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building blocks of dna, has genetic code

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Genotype

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all the genes that you have inside a particular organism

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phenotype

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the expressed portion of the dna, so like you have red and brown hair dna but you only have brown hair,

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exons

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coding dna

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introns

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junk dna

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bacterial chromosome

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dna is tightly coiled and consists of a large circle

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chromosome

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in eukaryotic cells the dna is even more tightly coiled and is arranged into linear chromosmes.
**46 chromosomes in human cells arranged into 23 pairs

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dna polymerase

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copy dna during replication

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thermostable dna polymerase

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can replicate in extreme enviornments (yellowstone)

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thermocyclers

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heat and coil dna to get more dna
**used in criminal investigations

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transcription

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use dna to make mRNA with help of RNA polymerase

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polymerase chain reaction

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lab technique where small samples of dna can be quickly amplified enough to analysis
Heating unzips and cooling reforms it

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Transcription

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use DNA to make mRNA with help of RNA polymerase

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RNA

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makes one copy of gene, want the mRNA to take to ribosomes to make protien

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mRNA

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Guide RNA to specific amino acid after it is delivered to the ribosome

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name 5 mutagens

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benzpyrene: mutagin, carinogen, found in soot
nitrous acid
5 bromouracil
afloatoxin (aspergiullus flavus) moldy grain
radiation

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mutation

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pernament change in the base of dna

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genetic recombination

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refers to the exchange of genes between two dna molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome

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transformatin

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bacteria dies and releases dna into enviornment, other bateria then come and eat the relased dna causing mutations

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Fredrick Griffith

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wanted vaccine for strepococcus pnemonide. Found that non capsule plus heat killed capsule injected into a mouse still killed the mouse. Determined that something was being transferred. Found DNA could transfer

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Conjugation

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sex pilli act as a bridge from one bacteria to the next send dna back and forth from donor to recepient. Typically send plasmids but known to send chromosomes as well. Happens in large intestine

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Transduction

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genes are transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cells by a bacterial virus. (bacteriaphage)
**Diptheria: grey throat

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generalized transduction

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is when bacterial genes are incorperated into phage particles in a random matter

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specialized (restricted) transduction

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is when only certain bacterial genes are transferred

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Transposons

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jumping genes, 1st discovered in corn, contributes to genetic recombination