Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Chromosimes
|
Carry genes made of DNA. All cells have one or more.
|
|
|
|
Ribosomes
|
Build proteins as instructed by the code delivered by (mRNA) from the nucleus.
|
|
|
|
Organelles
|
Found only in eukaryotic cells. Are membrane enclosed structures that perform specific functions.
|
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
Houses most of the eukaryotic cells's DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane.
|
|
|
|
Nucleoid
|
Found only in a prokartotic cell, which is a nucleus-like region where DNA is coiled.
|
|
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
The entire region of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
|
|
|
|
Phospholipids
|
Are related to dietary fats, but have only two fatty acid tails instead of three. A phosphate group ( oxygen and phosphorus) replace the third tail. The phosphate group are water loving, but the fatty acid tails are water fearing.
|
|
|
|
Phospholipid bilayer
|
A two-layered membrane of with hydrophilic heads on the outside and hydrophobic tails on the inside.
|
|
|
|
Fluid mosaic
|
Molecules are free to move around and diverse proteins float like icebergs.
|
|
|
|
Cell wall
|
Surrounding the plasma membrane of plants is a wall made of cellulose fibers. This wall protects the cells and keeps them from absorbing too much water.
|
|
|
|
extracellular matrix
|
A sticky coat secreted by animal cells that holds cells together in tissues, and protects and supports the cells.
|
|
|
|
Cell junctions
|
Animal cell surfaces contain these structures that connect cells together into tissues.
|
|
|
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
A double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, which is semipermeable (allowing only certain things in and out).
|
|
|
|
Chromatin
|
Fibers formed by long DNA molecules and associated proteins. (Each chromatin fiber constitutes one chromosome).
|
|
|
|
Nucleolus
|
Where ribosomes are made.
|
|
|
|
Ribosomes
|
Make proteins.
|
|
|
|
Endomembrane System
|
includes the nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
|
|
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
One of the main manufacturing facilities within a cell. An extensive labyrinth of tubes and sacs running throughout the cytosol.
|
|
|
|
Rough ER
|
Makes more membrane. Studded with ribosomes that make proteins to insert into the membrane.
|
|
|
|
Transport vesicles
|
Sacs made of membrane that bud off of rough ER.
|
|
|
|
Smooth ER
|
Makes lipids (including steroids).
|
|
|
|
Golgi Aparatus
|
Receives products from the ER in transport vesicles and refines, stores, and distributes them. Looks like a stack of pancakes.
|
|
|
|
Lysosome
|
A membrane enclosed sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells. Bud off from Golgi apparatus from vesicles.
|
|
|
|
Vacuoles
|
Large sacs of membrane that bud from the ER, Golgi apparatus, or plasma membrane. Have many functions ( food vacuole that combin es with lysosome.
|
|
|
|
Central Vacuole
|
Stores organic nutrients in plants.
|
|
|
|
Chloroplasts
|
organelles that perform photosynthesis in plants.
|
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Serves as both skeleton and muscles of the cell.
|
|
|
|
Microtubule
|
straight, hollow tubes composed of proteins, which make up fiber in the cytoskeleton.
|
|
|
|
Flagella
|
extensions from a cell that aid in movement.
|
|
|
|
Cilia
|
are similar to flagella but are in greater number. help a cell move.
|
|
|
|
Energy
|
the capacity to cause change.
|
|
|
|
kinetic Energy
|
Energy in motion
|
|
|
|
Conservation of Energy
|
statement that says it's not possible to create or destroy energy.
|
|
|
|
Potential Energy
|
Energy that an object has because of its location or structure.
|
|
|
|
Heat
|
a type of kinetic energy contained in random motion of atoms and molecules.
|
|
|
|
Entropy
|
A measure of the amount of disorder or randomness in a system.
|
|
|
|
Chemical Energy
|
Potential energy in molecules of food, gasoline, and other fuels that arise from the arrangement of atoms that are released from a chemical reaction.
|
|
|
|
Calorie
|
The amount of energy that can raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
|
|
|
|
Metabolism
|
The total of all chemical reactions in an organism.
|
|
|
|
enzymes
|
proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
|
|
|
|
Activation Energy
|
Activates the reactants and triggers the chemical reaction.
|
|
|
|
Substrate
|
the enzymes ability to selectively recognize a certain reactant molecule.
|
|
|
|
Active site
|
A region of the enzyme that has a shape and chemistry that fits the substrate molecule.
|
|
|
|
induced fit
|
Occurs when the entry of the substrate induces the enzyme to change shape.
|
|
|
|
enzyme inhibitors
|
are substrate impostors that plug up the active site.
|
|
|
|
Transport proteins
|
are membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane.
|
|
|
|
Diffusion
|
The spreading of molecules out evenly into the available space.
|
|
|
|
Passive Transport
|
Does not expend any energy for diffusion across the membrane.
|
|
|
|
Concentration Gradient
|
In passive transport, a substance diffuses down this from where the substance is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated.
|
|
|
|
Facilitated Difusion
|
The assistance of substances by proteins that act as corridors for certain substances to pass through the cell membrane.
|
|
|
|
Osmosis
|
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
|
|
|
|
hypertonic
|
The solution with the higher concentration of solute. Is bad for both animal and plant cells because water is drawn out causing cells to shrivel.
|
|
|
|
hypotonic
|
The solution with the lower solute concentration. Is good for a plant cell, but causes an animal cell to swell. A plant regains turgor when watered.
|
|
|
|
Isotonic
|
Solutions with equal solute concentration. Is good for animal cells, but causes plant cells to become flaccid.
|
|
|
|
Osmoregulation
|
The control of water balance in an organism. Ex: fish gills.
|
|
|
|
Active transport
|
requires a cell expend energy to move molecules across a membrane.
|
|
|
|
Exocytosis
|
During protein production by the cell, secretory proteins exit the cell from transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane spilling the contents out of the cell.
|
|
|
|
Endocytosis
|
A cell takes material via vesicles that bud inward.
|
|
|
|
Phagocytocus
|
"Cell eating." a cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole.
|
|
|
|
Signal transduction pathway
|
Communication between the cell and its external environment through proteins and plasma membrane. The proteins and other molecules relay the signal and convert it to chemical forms that can function within the cell.
|
Getting psyched up for an athletic contest, certain cells in the adrenaline gland secrete a hormone into the blood stream.
|
|
|
Origin of Membranes
|
Because all cells have a plasma membrane, it is logical to infer that membranes first formed early in the evolution of life on Earth.
|
|
|
|
Photosynthesis
|
uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process that builds organic molecules.
|
|
|
|
Autographs
|
Self Feeders (plants)
|
|
|
|
Heterogrsphs
|
Other feeders (animals)
|
|
|
|
Producers
|
autographs (self feeders) plants that produce food for all other organisms.
|
|
|
|
Consumers
|
heterotrophs (other feeders) animals that obtain food by eating plants or other animals.
|
|
|
|
Chemical Cycling
|
Sunlight energy into plants-converted in the chloroplast from light energy to chemical energy . --leaves the plant in the form of gluclose (C6H12O6) and Oxygen(O2).----- Mitochondria (in both plants and animals) harvest the food energy to produce ATP (Heat energy exits the ecosystem through ATP )and----- H2O and CO2 leaves the mitochondria.
|
|
|
|
Simplified Equation of cellular respiration.
|
C6H12O6 (gluclose) + 6 O2(Oxygen)----6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) + ATP (energy)
|
|
|
|
Aerobic
|
requires oxygen
|
|
|
|
Cellular respiration
|
the aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic food molecules.
|
|
|
|
Redox reactions
|
Chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another substance.
|
|
|
|
Oxidation
|
The loss of electrons during a redox reaction. Gluclose is oxidized during cell respiration, losing electrons to oxygen.
|
|
|
|
Reduction
|
The acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction.
|
|
|
|
NAD^+
|
The 1st step electrons take on their way from gluclose to oxygen, which is a positively charged electron acceptor.
|
|
|
|
NADH
|
NAD+ reduced from the transfer of electrons from organic fuel. The H represents the transfer of Hydrogen along with the electrons. 1st baby step down from NAD+. The rest of the staircase is the electron transport chain .
|
|
|
|
Glycolosis
|
A molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of a compound called pyruvic acid. The enzymes for this step are located in the cytoplasm.
|
|
|
|
Citric Acid Cycle
|
Completes the breakdown of glucose all the way to CO2 (one of the waste products of cell respiration) . The enzymes for the citric acid cycle are dissolved in the fluid of the mitochondria.
|
|
|
|
Electron transport
|
electrons captured from food by the NADH formed in the 1st two stages "fall" down electron transport chains to oxygen. The proteins and other molecules that make up the electron transport chains are found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
|
|
|
|
Electron Transport from NADH to Oxygen
|
release energy your cells use to make most of their ATP.
|
|
|
|
ATP synthase
|
structures in the mitochondria that act like turbines, which are constructed from protein built into the inner mitochondrial membrane. These move Hydrogen atoms back downhill causing them to spin and produce ATP.
|
|
|
|
Anaerobic
|
(without oxygen) harvest of food energy is called FERMENTATION. This happens when muscles spend ATP faster than the bloodstream can deliver O2. (relies on glycologis)
|
|
|
|
Lactic Acid
|
is produced through fermenting of gluclose and ATP.
|
|
|
|
Glycolysis
|
is used in both cellular respiration and fermentation.
|
|
|
|
Life before oxygen
|
The fact that glycolysis occurs in almost all organisms suggests that it evolved very early in ancestors common to all domains of life.
|
|
|
|
Tonicity
|
The response of cells immersed in an external solution.
|
|
