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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Energy is what?
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The capacity to do work
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What is Kinetic Energy?
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The energy of motion
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What is Potential Energy?
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Energy due to location or arrangement
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What happens to energy?
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Most energy is converted or lost as heat or waste energy
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What is chemical energy?
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A special form of potential energy
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JUST TO KNOW!
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Making bonds takes energy and breaking bonds releases energy
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What is ATP
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ATP is the "energy currency" of the cell
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Give an example of a nucleic acid
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ATP
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THe monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide which has 3 parts, name them.
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-A 5-C sugar
-A nitrogen base -A phosphate group |
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JUST TO KNOW!
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Every single cell goes through cellular respiration
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What does ATP stand for?
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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When we break a phosphate group off of ATP it drives cellular work in one of 3 ways
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(ALL 3)
-Mechanical Work -Transport Work -Chemical Work |
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What is an enzyme
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An enzyme is a specialized protein that speeds up chemical reactions
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How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
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By lowering the activation energy of a particular reaction
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What is "Induced fit?"
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An interaction between an enzyme and its substrate
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What is cellular respiration
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The harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules
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JUST TO KNOW!
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Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
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JUST TO KNOW!
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ALL LIVING ORGANISMS GO THROUGH CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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Most cellular respiration is "aerobic." What does aerobic mean?
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It requires oxygen
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What does cellular respiration occur?
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The cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
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What is the most common fuel molecule for cellular respiration?
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Glucose
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Cellular Respiration can produce up to ____ molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose
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38
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JUST TO KNOW
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Cellular Respiration transfers hydrogen atoms from glucose to oxygen, which forms WATER
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What happens in cellular respiration?
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When hydrogen and its electrons change partners, water is formed and energy is released
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Chemical Reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another are called what?
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Oxidation Reduction or Redox Reactions
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What is the loss of electrons called?
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Oxidation
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What is the acceptance of electrons called?
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Reduction
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What happens when hydrogen and oxygen react to produce water?
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Energy is released as electrons "fall" into their new bonds within oxygen
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What is the first stop in the Electron Transport Chains (ETC) as electrons move from glucose to oxygen?
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THe electron acceptor NAD+
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Each link in the ETC is a molecule. It's usually a _______.
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Protein
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What is NADH?
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A high energy molecule
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What are the three main stages during aerobic cellular respiration
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Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle Electron Transport |
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What is Glycolysis?
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Beginning of ALL cellular respiration
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What does Glycolysis occur
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Cytoplasm
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JUST TO KNOW
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Glycolysis does NOT require oxygen. "Costs" 2 ATP to start up.
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JUST TO KNOW
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Because the reactions occur in a cycle there is no real "1st" or "last" molecule in the Krebs Cycle
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JUST TO KNOW
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The Krebs Cycle requires Oxygen
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Where does the Kreb Cycle occur?
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In the liquid inner portion of the Mitochondria
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What waste product is produced in the Kreb cycle?
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Carbon Dioxide
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Many high energy molecules are produced during what stage
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Krebs Cycle
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Most ATP is made when?
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During Electron Transport
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JUST TO KNOW
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Electron Transport requires oxygen
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Where does Electron Transport occur?
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In the inner membrane of the mitochondria known as the Cristae
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JUST TO KNOW
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The most ATP is produced during the Electron Transport as a result of the electrons falling
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JUST TO KNOW
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Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and without it electron transport will back up and Kreb's cycle will grind to a halt. Only glycolysis will continue
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All plants, certain protists, and some bacteria are _________.
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photosynthesis autotrophs
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In Eukaryotic Cells, photosynthesis occurs within the________.
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Chloroplast
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Chloroplasts have an inner compartment filled with a thick fluid called________.
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Stroma
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Within the stroma are disklike membrane sacs Thylakoids. The thylakoids are in stacks called_______.
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grana
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Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen enter and leave the plant by way of tiny pores called___________.
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Stomata
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Photosynthesis is divided into two stages of reactions called what?
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Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle
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JUST TO KNOW
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plants have to bring in oxygen and out carbon dioxide because plants do cellular respiration
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Light reactions convert solar energy to _________.
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Chemical energy
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We use light reactions to drive the synthesis of _______ & ________.
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ATP & NADPH
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Light reactions occur where?
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In the thylakoid membranes of the grana
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Sunlight is a type of energy called _________.
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Radiation or Electromagnetic Energy
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Absorbed light is an energy source, reflected light is what we call________.
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color
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WHere does the Calvin Cycle occur?
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In the stroma of the chloroplast
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Why must every cell perform cellular respiration?
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To get ATP
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ATP is known as the "energy currency" of the cell. Why doesn't the cell just use "food" for energy to do all its work?
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Because it's too big and has to be broken down first
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How do enzymes play a part in cellular respiration?
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They speed up chemical reactions
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In Eukaryotic Cells, where does cellular respiration occur?
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Glycolysis: cytoplasm
Kreb's Cycle: liquid inner portion of the mitochondria Electron Transport: inner membrane of the mitochondria known as the Cristae |
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What part does sugar play in aerobic cellular respiration?
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The fuel molecule
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Why is oxygen needed in aerobic cellular respiration?
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Without it its electron transport will back up and Kreb's cycle will come to a halt
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In aerobic cellular respiration, the waste product Carbon Dioxide comes from which stage?
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Kreb's Cycle
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In aerobic cellular respiration, the waste product Water comes from what stage?
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Electron Transport
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In aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP gets resynthesized in which stage?
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Electron Transport
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What are the products of two fermentation pathways of anaerobic respiration?
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Alchol: Carbon Dioxide & Ethyl Alcohol
Lactic Acid: Lactic Acid |
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Why do most organisms prefer aerobic respiration over anaerobic respiration?
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Because during aerobic respiration more ATP (energy) is made
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Summarize the light reactions of photosynthesis
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Light reactions convert solar energy into chemical energy
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Summarize the Calvin Cycle
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Makes sugar (glucose) from carbon dioxide
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Why are plants green?
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Because their main pigment chlorophyl reflects green light
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Explain why leaves "turn colors" in the fall
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Chlorophyl fades away leaving pigments that were there the whole time that have been masked my chlorophyl
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_________ is the capacity to do work
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Energy
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___________ is a measure of the degree of disorder, randomness, or chaos
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Entropy
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What are the basic parts of the ATP nucleotide
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5-Carbon Sugar : Ribose
Nitrogen Base : Adenine 3 phosphate groups |
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What is the "key" to ATP's energy stroing qualities
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The bond between the phosphates
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An enzyme _____________
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Is usually a protein and it lowers the activation energy
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Glycolysis starts and ends in the _____________
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Cytoplasm
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Aerboic Cellular Respiration is completed in the ____________.
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Mitochondrion
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Ultimately, what is the role of Oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration?
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Final hydrogen or electron acceptor at the end of Electron Transport and makes water
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The light reactions of photosynthesis in plants occur at the ___________.
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Thylakoid membranes of the grana
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The Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis in plants occur in the ___________.
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Stroma
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