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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define cohesion and adhesion.
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Cohesion is the attraction of like molecules to each other. Adhesion is the attraction of one type of molecule to another type. Both are maintained by hydrogen bonds.
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Explain how water’s cohesion and adhesion contribute to the
movement of water from roots to the leaves of a tree. |
cohesion helps water
molecules travel from the roots to the leaves by a “chain” of water molecules, each hydrogen bonded to water molecules above and below enabling the water to be pulled upwards against the pull of gravity. This pulling is further aided by adhesive forces between the water molecules and other type of molecules in the vessel walls that contain polar covalent bonds and therefore can hydrogen bond with the water molecules |
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Specific heat:
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Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost by a substance for that substance to change temperature by 1 Celsius degree.
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Surface tension:
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Measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a fluid. Water tends to have a
higher amount of surface tension compared to other liquids because the hydrogen bonds between water molecules gives a stabillity to the surface. |
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Ice:
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When the temperature of water is lowered, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules
become fixed into place, spacing the water molecules further apart compared to when the water was liquid. This makes ice less dense than liquid water so that ice will float in water. |
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Heat of vaporization:
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Defined as the quantity of heat that a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be
converted from the liquid to gas state (evaporation). Water has a relatively high heat of vaporization due to the need of molecules of water to overcome the attraction of the hydrogenbonds between each other. |
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Distinguish between a solute, solvent and a solution
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A solute is the substance that is dissolved. The solvent is the sustance that does the dissolving.
A solution is a homogenous mixture of solute and solvent. |
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Distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.
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Hydrophobic means “water fearing”. Hydrophobic substances contain non-polar covalent bonds
which allow them to be repelled by water. Hydrophilic means “water loving”. These substances are attracted to water and contain either polar covalent or ionic bonds. |
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Describe the dissociation of water.
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Water breaks down in a reversible reaction into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).
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Distinguish between an acid and a base.
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An
acid is a substance that donates H+ to a solution while a base is a substance that accepts H+. |
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Define cohesion and adhesion.
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Cohesion is the attraction of like molecules to each other. Adhesion is the attraction of one type of molecule to another type. Both are maintained by hydrogen bonds.
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Explain how water’s cohesion and adhesion contribute to the
movement of water from roots to the leaves of a tree. |
cohesion helps water
molecules travel from the roots to the leaves by a “chain” of water molecules, each hydrogen bonded to water molecules above and below enabling the water to be pulled upwards against the pull of gravity. This pulling is further aided by adhesive forces between the water molecules and other type of molecules in the vessel walls that contain polar covalent bonds and therefore can hydrogen bond with the water molecules |
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Specific heat:
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Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost by a substance for that substance to change temperature by 1 Celsius degree.
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Surface tension:
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Measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a fluid. Water tends to have a
higher amount of surface tension compared to other liquids because the hydrogen bonds between water molecules gives a stabillity to the surface. |
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Ice:
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When the temperature of water is lowered, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules
become fixed into place, spacing the water molecules further apart compared to when the water was liquid. This makes ice less dense than liquid water so that ice will float in water. |
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Heat of vaporization:
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Defined as the quantity of heat that a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be
converted from the liquid to gas state (evaporation). Water has a relatively high heat of vaporization due to the need of molecules of water to overcome the attraction of the hydrogenbonds between each other. |
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Distinguish between a solute, solvent and a solution
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A solute is the substance that is dissolved. The solvent is the sustance that does the dissolving.
A solution is a homogenous mixture of solute and solvent. |
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Distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.
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Hydrophobic means “water fearing”. Hydrophobic substances contain non-polar covalent bonds
which allow them to be repelled by water. Hydrophilic means “water loving”. These substances are attracted to water and contain either polar covalent or ionic bonds. |
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Describe the dissociation of water.
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Water breaks down in a reversible reaction into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).
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Distinguish between an acid and a base.
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An
acid is a substance that donates H+ to a solution while a base is a substance that accepts H+. |
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Explain how carbon’s electron configuration accounts for its ability to form large, complex and diverse organic molecules.
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Carbon has an atomic number of 6 which means it has 6 electrons. Two
electrons go in the 1s orbital. The remaining 4 electrons are spread between the four level 2 orbitals (one 2s and three 2p) which is called sp3 hybridization. This allows for 4 unpaired electrons that can covalently bond with 4 different partners allowing for great variability in the carbon skeletons. |
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Describe how carbon skeletons may vary.
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Carbon skeletons can vary in length of how many carbon atoms are present in
the chain. The can vary in how they branch off from the long straight line of carbons. There can be variation in the location of any double bonds in the carbon chain. Finally, carbon chains can also form ring structures. |
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Describe the basic structure of a hydrocarbon and explain why these molecules are
hydrophobic. |
Hydrocarbons are long chains of carbons bonded to each other with the other
bonds of the carbon satisfied by adding hydrogen atoms. Because the bonds between adjacent carbons as well as those between the carbon and hydrogen are non-polar covalent due to their almost equal electronegativity values, this makes the entire hydrogen carbon neutral with no spots of transient charge which allows it to be hydrophobic or water repelling. |
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Distinguish among the 3 types of isomers:
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Structural, Geometric, Enantiomers
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Structure Isomer:
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The isomers have different branching patterns resulting in different
structural formulas. |
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Geometric Isomer:
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Certain covalent partners can be on the same side (cis formation) or opposite (trans formation) of a double bond between carbon atoms.
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Enantiomers:
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Mirror images of 4 different covalent partners of an asymmetric carbon
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Name the major functional groups found in organic molecules.
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Hydroxyl: Carbonyl: Carboxyl: Amino: Sulfhydryl: Phosphates:
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List the 4 major classes of macromolecules
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins
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Carbohydrates:
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a. Sugars
b. Composed of C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio c. Possess carbonyl groups either as aldehydes or ketons |
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Lipids:
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a. Fats, phospholipids and steroids
b. Composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen with some oxygen; phospholipids have phosphate groups |
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Nucleic acids
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a. DNA or RNA
b. Monomers are nucleotides which are made of a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base c. DNA contains genetic information d. RNA allows that information to be translated into proteins. |
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Proteins
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a. Made of amino acids
b. Amino acids joined together with peptide bonds creating primary structure. c. Further bonds between amino acids in chain create secondary and tertiary structure important to create 3D structure (conformation) that is necessary for protein to work properly. |
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Describe what occurs during a general condensation (dehydration)
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Condensation Reaction or Dehydration Synthesis:
Joining of monomers involves one partner losing a –OH group and the other losing a H atom. These join to create a water molecule. Monomers then bond together. |
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Describe what occurs during Hydrolysis:
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Breaking apart of polymers into smaller monomers. Water molecule is
added and broken up so that the –OH group goes to one monomer and the H atom to the other. |
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Carbohydrates - monomers and bond:
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Monomers: monosaccharides
Bond: glycosidic linkages |
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Lipids - monomers and bond
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Monomer: Only macromolecule without clear monomer
Bond: Hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol molecule by ester linkages |
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Nucleic Acids - monomers and bond
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Monomers: nucleotides
Bond: phosphodiester between sugar and phosphates, hydrogen between 2 strands |
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Proteins - monomers and bond
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Monomers: amino acids
Bond: peptide |
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Distinguish between mono-, di- and poly-saccharides.
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Monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides. Dissaccharides are 2
monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage. Polysaccharides are long chains of more than 3 monosaccharides each linked by glycosidic linkage. |
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Describe the structure of fats, phospholipids and steroids.
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1. Fats: 3 hydrophobic hydrocarbon fatty acid chains attached to glycerol
2. Phospholipids: amphipathic with two hydrophobic fatty acids tails attached to glycerol and hydrophilic phosphate head 3. Steroids: 4 fused carbon ring structures with various attached functional groups. |
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Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats.
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Saturated: no double bonds between hydrogens and carbons in fatty acids.
Makes fats more solid at room temperature. Unsaturated: double bonds present in fatty acids. Makes fats more liquid at room temperature. |
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7.) List and describe the major components of all amino acids. Explain how amino
acids differ due to the chemical properties of their R groups. |
Each 20 amino acids have a carboxyl group and an amino group. Each has a
unique side chain or R group. The R group can have non-polar, polar or electrically charged qualities. |
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Discuss what determines the 4 levels of protein structure.
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Primary: The correct linear order of the amino acid.
Secondary: Hydrogen bonds along the polypeptide backbone creating structures such as alpha helixes and pleated sheets Tertiary: Bonding between R groups further creating 3D shape of protein Quanternary: Protein structure gained from aggregation of multple polypeptide subunits |
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List conditions under which proteins may be denatured.
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Extreme high temperatures and other environmental conditions such as
variations in pH or salinity. Every protein has optimal environmental conditions that promotes its proper conformation. |
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List the major components of a nucleotide and describe how these monomers are linked to form a nucleic acid.
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Nucleotides: 1.) 5 carbon sugar (pentose)
2.) phosphate group 3.) nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil) Phosphodiester bonds between sugars and phosphate group forms backbone, nitrogenous bases stick out from sugar. |
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Briefly describe the 3-D structure of DNA including the base pair rules.
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DNA is double stranded and the base pair rules are that adenine (purine) always
pairs with thymine (pyrimidine) and cytosine (pyridmidine) always pairs with guanine (purine). |
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Compare and contrast RNA and DNA.
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DNA - Double Stranded. Has Thymine. No urecil. Present only in nucleus Has deoxyribose as sugar.
RNA - Single stranded, Has uracil and no thymine, Present in nucleus and cytoplasm, has ribose as sugar. |
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A shortage of phosphorous in the soil would probably make it hard for a plant to manufacture:
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DNA
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Hydrolosis of a protein would produce:
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Amino acids.
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Name of the bond that joins fatty acids to to glycerol molecules in fats:
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ester linkage
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Water is an excellent solvent for sollutes that are:
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polar and ionized
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Organic chemistry is the study of:
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carbon compounds
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Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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Prokaryotic cells: Simpler; lack membrane bound organelles; still have DNA,
ribosomes, plasma membrane and cytoplasm; bacteria, archae and cyanobacteria have prokarytic cells Eukaryotic cell: More complex than prokaryotic; single or mulitcellular organisms can possess eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, fungi, protists); have many membrane bound specialized organelles for various cell functions |
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Explain the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells
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Many of the cell processes need particular environmental conditions to operate
properly so keeping these processes separate from the rest of the cell is necessary. |
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Discuss the endomembrane systems and list its members.
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collection of organelles that possess membranes
that may or may not be in continuous contact. Their similar membrane structures allows them to move cellular material from one area to another as processing occurs. Members of the system include: nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoules and the plasma membrane. |
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Describe the components of a cell membrane in terms of the Fluid-Mosaic model.
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The “fluid” part refers to the phospholipids that can move laterally in the membrane. The
“mosaic” part is the proteins that are embedded in the phospholipid bi-layer. |
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Explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature and membrane composition.
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As it becomes colder, the phospholipid bi-layer becomes less fluid and more viscous. If the
hydrocarbon tails have more unsaturated bonds, it will be more fluid at lower temperatures compared to tails that are more saturated. More cholesterol molecules interspersed through the cell membrane will keep the membrane more fluid at lower temperatures as well |
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Distinguish between peripheral and integral membrane proteins. What roles do they play in cellmembranes.
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Peripheral proteins are composed of only hydrophilic regions and are present just on the outside
or inside of the membrane. Integral membranes are amphipathic and extend through the cell membrane. |
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Explain the role of membrane carbohydrates in cell-cell recognition.
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Short carbohydrate chains are attached to the proteins on the outside of the cell membrane.
Different cell types and different individuals have unique populations of these carbohydrates which act as ID tags. |
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I am a network of membranes, and my functions include detoxification of drugs, synthesis of lipids
and making sex hormones. |
SMOOTH ENDOPLASIC RETICULUM
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I would be very numerous in a cell type that specializes in synthesizing proteins.
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RIBOSOMES (ROUGH ER ACCEPTIBLE)
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I am the site of cellular respiration, and I have two membranes with the inner membrane folded into
cristae. |
MITOCHONDRIA
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It is fortunate that my enzymatic contents are contained within a membrane sac separate from the rest
of the cell since those digestive enzymes work at a pH of 5 or lower. |
LYSOSOME
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I am the largest of the cytoskeleton members with one of my many functions being the movement of
chromosomes during cell division. |
MICROTUBULES
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I am easy to recognize due to my green color caused by the pigment chlorophyll.
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CHLOROPLAST
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I am a channel that allows for exchange of material between adjacent plant cells.
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PLASMODESMATA
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I am the member of the cytoskeleton made of keratin that anchors the nucleus and is a fixed,
permanent structure. |
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT
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I am frequently called the “post office” of the cell since my job is to process, label and ship cellular
products to their proper destination in the cell |
GOLGI APPARATUS
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I am present only in plant cells and my job is to hold excess water, toxins or other materials for
storage in my large membrane bound sac. |
CENTRAL VACUOLE
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I am a dense region inside the nucleus where ribosomal sub-units are made.
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NUCLEOLUS
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Describe Enzymes:
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B) An enzyme can be used over and over again.
C) Saturation can be overcome by adding more enzymes. D) Enzymes display specificity for certain molecules to which they attach. E) The activity of enzymes can be affected by factors in their immediate environment such as pH. |
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Which of the following is a statement of the First Law of Thermodynamics?
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Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
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Cells called lymphocytes make proteins that are exported from the cell. Which is the following
might be the path of proteins from where they are made to the lymphocytes’ plasma membrane? |
rough ER...Golgi apparatus...plasma membrane
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Members of the endomembrane system
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A) nuclear membrane
B) endoplasmic reticulum C) plasma membrane E) Golgi apparatus |
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DNA can be found in which of the following organelles?
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Nucleus and Mitochondria
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A phospholipid molecule is made of the following:
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glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids and phosphate group
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Integral or transmembrane proteins are best described as
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amphipathic.
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These Molecules are part of the cell membrane:
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A) phospholipid
C) protein D) cholesterol E) carbohydrate |
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If a cell needs to capture a very specific molecule (ligand) from the extracellular environment and
bring it inside the cell, it would use |
receptor mediated endocytosis.
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What is the name of the specific region of the enzyme that binds with the substrate
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Active site
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Do enzymes provide the activation energy for a chemical reaction?
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No, the presence of an enzyme only decreases the amount of activation energy needed. Heat still supplies any necessary activation energy.
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