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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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function |
the normal activity of an organ or part |
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produce |
to product= to make |
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synthesis |
building up of something |
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lack |
does not have or does not contain |
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inhibit |
to decrease, limit, or block the action or function of |
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stimulate |
to temporarily increase the activity of a body organ or part |
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dialate |
to make wider or larger |
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constrict |
to make smaller or narrower by binding or squeezing |
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characteristics of living organisms |
1. Contains biological molecules 2. Cellular 3. Reproduce 4. Aquire and use energy (metabolism) 5. Respond to environment 6. Maintains homeostasis 7. Evolve and have adaptive traits |
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What are biological molecules? |
Proteins
Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Lipids |
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What does cellular mean? |
-Cells are the smallest unit of life
-Some organisms are composed of only onecells (unicellular) -Other organisms are composed of many cells(multicellular) |
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How do cells reproduce? |
-Simple one celled animals may reproduceasexually by dividing in half – producing twoidentical cells
-More complex multi-celled organisms mayreproduce sexually, when genetic material iscombined to produce a unique individualorganism |
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What does metabolism mean? |
-Metabolism is all the chemical reactions thatoccur in a living organism
-Through metabolism, organisms obtain energyfrom nutrients and use this energy to grow anddevelopment |
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how do living organisms respond to the environment? |
Living organisms detect stimuli and respondto it. This can include movement
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homeostasis |
the relatively constant and self correctinginternal environment of livingorganisms
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what are adaptive traits? |
-Adaptive traits are those traits that help yousurvive and reproduce
-Members of the population that haveadaptive traits survive better than membersthat lack those traits |
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what is not a characteristic of life? 1. respond to environmental changes 2. cellular 3. multicellular 4. reproduction |
multicellular |
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what are the three domains? |
eukarya archea bacteria |
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what makes a domain a eukarya domain? |
have a nucleus |
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what makes a domain an archea domain? |
one celled organisms that lacka nucleus (prokaryotic), live in extremeenvironments
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bacteria |
one celled organisms that lacka nucleus (prokaryotic)
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what are the kingdoms? |
protista fungi plante animalia |
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protista |
one celled organisms with a nucleus
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fungi |
mushrooms and molds |
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plante |
plants |
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animalia |
animals, vertebrates and invertebrates |
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steps of the scientific method |
observation hypothesis experiment conclusion report |
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difference between a theory and hypothesis |
hypothesis is a guess about whats going to happen and a theory is something that has been tested many times and is known as the "law" |
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variable |
the factor whose effect the experiment is designed to reveal
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independent variable |
something that is changed to see how that change effects the study
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dependent variable |
what is measured to see if there was an effect as a result of the independent variable
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constants |
all the factors that are kept the same in the experiment
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experimental group |
the group with the thing being tested |
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control group |
group without the variable being tested |
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what are clinical trials? |
several experimental groups that receive different dosages of a drug and one group that receives a placebo |
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what is a placebo? |
a substance made to look like the drug being tested |
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what is a double blind study? |
when the researchers and the participants don't know what group is receiving the treatment |
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what is an epidemiological study? |
a study that looks for patterns that occur in large populations |
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does smoking cause cancer? |
yes |
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what is matter? |
everything that takes up space and has mass |
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what are atoms? |
units of matter that can not be broken down into simpler substances |
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what is the charge, location, and mass of a proton? |
Charge: 1+ Location: nucleus Mass: 1amu |
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what is the charge, location, and mass of an electron?
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Charge: 1- Location: Outside the nucleus Mass: Negligable |
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what is the charge, location, and mass of a neutron?
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Charge: None Location: nucleus Mass: 1amu |
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how do you figure out the number of protons? |
it equals the number of electrons |
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how many electrons can be in the first shell? |
two |
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how many electrons can be in the second shell? |
eight |
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how many electrons can be in the third, fourth, etc shells? |
eight |
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protons are found in the? |
nucleus |
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what is an element? |
"pure" form of matter that only contains one type of atom |
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what is an atomic number? |
the number of protons in the nucleus |
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what is the atomic mass? |
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons |
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how many electrons does Be have if its atomic number is 4 |
4 electrons |
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what are isotopes? |
elements with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
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what are radioisotopes? |
isotopes that are unstable and become more stable by omitting energy and particles |
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carbon has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons. what is its atomic number? |
6 |
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carbon has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons. what is its atomic mass?
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12 |
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if lithium's atomic mass is 7 how many neutrons does it have? |
4 neutrons |
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what are chemical bonds? |
unions between different atoms |
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what are molecules? |
two or more atoms joined together |
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what is a compound molecule? |
two different elements joined in a molecule |
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how do you determine the amount of bonds a atom will make? |
the amount of empty spots in the outer shell |
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what is a covalent bond? |
two or more atoms SHARE electrons in the outer shell |
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how many bonds can carbon form if it has 6 electrons? |
4 bonds |
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what are the two types of covalent bonds? |
polar and non polar |
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what are polar bonds? |
-atoms dont equally share the electrons (atoms with different electronegativity) -SNO - hydrophillic |
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what are non polar bonds? |
-atoms have the same pull on the shared electrons -hydrocarbons -hydrophobic |
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what is electronegativity? |
the measure of the pull of electrons |
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what is hydrophillic? |
loves water |
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what is hydrophobic |
hates water |
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hydrogen bond |
- weak attraction - attraction between a hydrogen atom which has a partial positive charge and an atom with a partial negative charge Ex: O, S, N |
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what is an ionic bond? |
stealing of an electron between atoms |
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name the types of bonds from strongest to weakest |
covalent ionic hydrogen |
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what are the properties of water? |
1. polar solvent 2. has cohesion 3. high heat of vaporization 4. high heat capacity |
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why is water is a great polar solvent? |
it has the ability to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules and like dissolves like |
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why is important the water is a good polar solvent? |
-our blood is 55% water which makes it a good way to transport things in solution - our cells are 75-85% water and it helps keep the salt inside the cells |
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what is cohesion? |
capacity to resist breaking under tension |
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why is cohesion important? |
it allows blood to move easier in the vessels |
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why is high heat capacity important? |
it takes a lot of heat to break the hydrogen bonds in water so the water in our bodies keep us at a constant temperature |
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why is high heat of vaporization important? |
when sweat (mainly water) vaporizes it cools the body |
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h2 is an atom, molecule, or compound? |
compound |
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What type of bond between water molecules createssurface tension that gives water cohesion?
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hydrogen |
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what are acids? |
substances that donate hydrogen ions when in solution |
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what are bases? |
substances that accept hydrogen ions and release OH |
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what is the range of acid on a PH scale? |
0-6 |
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what is the range of basic on the PH scale? |
8-14 |
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what is neutral on the PH scale? |
7 |
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what happens to the concentration of H+ when the PH is higher? |
lower concentration of H+ |
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what are buffers? |
-Prevent dramatic changes in pH
-Remove excess H+from solutions whenconcentrations of H+increase -Add H+ when concentrations of H+ decrease |
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what are biological molecules? |
carbohydrates lipids amino acids and proteins nucleotides and nucleic acid |
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what is dehydration synthesis? |
when water is removed to make a polymer |
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what is a polymer? |
many small repeated molecules |
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what is hydrolysis? |
when polymers are broken apart and water is added |
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types of carbohydrates |
monosaccharides
disaccharides polysaccharides |
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types of lipids |
triglycerides
phospholipids steroids |
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what is a protein? |
chain of amino acids |
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whats nucleic acid made of? |
nucleotides |
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what are complex carbohydrates? |
polymers |
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is glucose a monomer or a polymer? |
monomer |
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what are two types of simple carbohydrates? |
monosaccharide (one sugar) disaccharide (two sugar) |
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what are complex carbohydrates called? |
polysaccharide (many sugars) |
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what are the functions of carbohydrates? |
1. Glucose: Rapidly Mobilized Source of Energy
2. Glycogen in animals: Long term energy storage 3. Starch in plants: Long term energy storage 4. Cellulose in plants: Structural 5. Glycoproteins: Proteins coupled withcarbohydrates important in cell membranes |
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what are the structures of complex carbohydrates? |
-Cellulose is tightly packed, uncoiled and hard to digest
-Starch is coiled and may be branched and is easier todigest -Glycogen is coiled with extensive branching and iseven easier to digest. |
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what is the function and structure of glycogen and where is it stored? |
function: carbohydrate stored in animals for energy structure: coiled and branched stored: liver and muscle |
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what is the function and structure of starch and where is it stored?
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function: carbohydrate stored in plants for energy structure: coiled stored: amyloplasts |
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what is the function and structure of cellulose? |
function: carbohydrate used by plants for structure structure: chains in tight bundles |
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the complex carbohydrate stored in animals is? |
glycogen |
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what monmer is starch composed of? |
glucose |
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what are types of lipids? |
1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids |
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what is the function of triglycerides? |
1. Energy storage
2. Insulation 3. Protection of vital organs |
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what is the structure of triglycerides? |
3 fatty acids 1 glycerol |
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is LDL good cholesterol or bad? |
bad |
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is HDL good cholesterol or bad? |
good |
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Which of fat is the least healthy?
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trans fat |
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Which type of fatty acid does not contain a double bond?
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saturated fat |
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what is the structure of a lipid? |
glycerol + two fatty acids + a chargedphosphate group + “R” group
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amphipathic
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Phosphate end of molecule polar, soluble in water.
Lipid (fatty acid) end is nonpolar, not soluble inwater. |
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structure of a steroid |
four ring backbone, with side chainsattached
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what is a peptide bond? |
bonds which are formed throughdehydration synthesis
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what are the four protein structures? |
primary secondary tertiary quaternary |
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what is the primary structure? |
amino acid sequence |
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what is the secondary structure? |
alpha helix and beta pleated sheets |
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what is the tertiary structure? |
overall folding |
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what is the quaternary structure? |
multiple polypeptides interacting |
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what are enzymes? |
proteins that speed up reactions |
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what are nucleotides? |
Small compounds consisting of a five carbon sugar, withattached phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base.
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what are the five nucleotides? |
Adenine, Thymine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
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what are two types of nucleic acids? |
DNA RNA |
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what is the function of DNA |
make blueprint for proteins |
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what is the function of RNA |
protein synthasis |
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what is the difference between DNA and RNA? |
DNA: deoxyribose, thymine, two strands RNA: ribose, uracil, one strand |
