Bio Exam 1

Front 1

Biology

Back 1

The Study of Life

Front 2

Steps of the Scientific Method

Back 2

1. Observation

2. Question

3. Hypothesis

4. Prediction

5. Experiment

6. Conclusion

Front 3

Treatment

Back 3

Part of Experiment That Changes

Front 4

Control

Back 4

Part that does not change

Front 5

Replication

Back 5

It is important to have replicates, because the experiment will be more accurate. If only 1 or 2 subjects, it will be less accurate, because they could be outliers.

Front 6

Hypotheses

Back 6

Educated Guess

Front 7

Characteristics of life

Back 7

1. Made of cells

2. Different levels of organization

3. Respond to environment

4. Use energy

5. grow

6. reproduce

7. Adapt to environment

Front 8

Matter

Back 8

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Front 9

Element

Back 9

Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

Front 10

Atom

Back 10

Smallest unit of matter that still retains the property of an element

Front 11

Protons

Back 11

positive charge, has mass

Front 12

neutron

Back 12

neutral charge, has mass

Front 13

electron

Back 13

negative charge, no mass

Front 14

Atomic number

Back 14

Number of protons in nucleus

Front 15

Mass number

Back 15

Protons and neutrons combined

Front 16

Compound

Back 16

2 or more different elements

Front 17

Molecule

Back 17

2 or more atoms joined by a covalent bond

Front 18

Periodic table

Back 18

elements arranged in order by the number of protons in their nucleus.

Front 19

Essential Elements

Back 19

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous

Front 20

Trace Elements

Back 20

small amounts, extremely important

Front 21

Isotopes

Back 21

Different forms of atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons

Front 22

Levels of Organization

Back 22

1. Biosphere

2. Ecosystems

3. Communities

4. Populations

5. Individual Organisms

6. Tissue

7. Cells

8. Molecules

Front 23

Cells

Back 23

basic unit of life

Front 24

Electron Shell/Valence Shell

Back 24

Outer shell of an Element

Front 25

Chemical Reactivity of Elements/Electron Configuration

Back 25

Arises from the presence of unpaired electrons in the outer shell. They interact in a way to complete them.

Front 26

Covalent Bond

Back 26

Sharing of Electrons

Front 27

Ionic Bond

Back 27

1. Opposite sides of chart

2. Brief sharing of electrons

3. Difference in charge

Front 28

Hydrogen Bond

Back 28

Weak bond, no sharing

Front 29

Van der Waals

Back 29

weak bond, no sharing

Front 30

Polar Molecule

Back 30

Unequal Sharing, Hydrophilic

Front 31

Non-polar molecule

Back 31

Equal sharing, hydrophobic

Front 32

Salts

Back 32

1. Opposite sides of chart

2. Dissolve in water

3. Form crystals when dry

Front 33

Unique properties of water

Back 33

1. Cohesion/Adhesion

2. Water and heat

3. Good solvent

4. Greatest density at 4 degrees celsius

Front 34

Cohesion/Adhesion

Back 34

Surface Tension (hard to break surface)

Constantly forms and breaks bonds with adjacent water molecules

Front 35

Water and heat

Back 35

Takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water. Water stores heat. Evaporative Cooling

Front 36

Greatest Density at 4 degrees Celsius

Back 36

Ice is lighter than water

Front 37

Good Solvent

Back 37

Can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins. Forms Hydrogen bonds quickly

Front 38

Acids

Back 38

Increase hydrogen ions in solution

Front 39

Bases

Back 39

Reduce hydrogen ions in solution

Front 40

pH Scale

Back 40

Measure of hydrogen ions in solution

Front 41

Buffers

Back 41

Minimize changes in concentrations of Hydrogen and Hydroxide in a solution, usually in an acid-base pair

Front 42

Chemical Equations

Back 42

Balanced

Front 43

Importance of Carbon to Life

Back 43

1. All living things are made up of carbon

2. Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, diverse molecules.

3. Proteins, carbs, and DNA are examples of organic compounds made of carbon

Front 44

Carbon Skeleton

Back 44

Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.

Front 45

Hydrocarbon

Back 45

Hydrogen and carbon

Front 46

Diversity of organic molecules is a function of:

Back 46

1. Variation in carbon skeletons

2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons

Front 47

Isomer

Back 47

Same molecular formula, different shape/structure

Front 48

Structural Isomer

Back 48

Different covalent arrangements around atom. Bent vs. Straight

Front 49

Cis-Trans isomer

Back 49

Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds

Front 50

Enantiomer

Back 50

Mirror Images of each other

Front 51

Functional Groups

Back 51

1. Hydroxyl

2. Carbonyl

3. Carboxyl

4. Amino

5. Sulfhydryl

6. Phosphate

7. Methyl

Front 52

Hydroxyl

Back 52

Polar, helps dissolve

Front 53

Carbonyl

Back 53

Sugar

Front 54

Carboxyl

Back 54

Acid

Front 55

Amino

Back 55

Base

Front 56

Sulfhydryl

Back 56

Added to odorless gases

Front 57

Phosphate

Back 57

Energy

Front 58

Methyl

Back 58

Affects expression of genes

Front 59

Monomer

Back 59

Building block

Front 60

Polymer

Back 60

Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers

Front 61

Dehydration Reaction

Back 61

Polymer synthesis. Water is lost.

Front 62

Hydrolysis

Back 62

Polymer disassembly. Water is gained.

Front 63

Carbohydrates

Back 63

C, H, O. Carboxyl and Hydroxyl groups.

Examples: Grains, Bread, Pasta, Fruits, Vegetables

Front 64

Monosaccharides

Back 64

Fuel for cells. Glucose, Fructose.

Front 65

Disaccharides

Back 65

2 monosaccharides. Sucrose

Front 66

Polysaccharides

Back 66

Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. Energy source and storage.

Front 67

Glycosidic Linkage

Back 67

When 2 or more monosaccharides join to make a carbohydrate through a dehydration reaction.

Front 68

Starch and Glycogen

Back 68

Starch - Potatoes

Glycogen - Meat of animals

Energy source and storage

Front 69

Functions of Carbs

Back 69

1. Energy source and storage

2. Structural support in plants

Front 70

Lipids

Back 70

C, H, O, P.

Examples: Meat, cheese, fats, nuts, oil, vegetables

Front 71

Phospholipid

Back 71

Cell membrane

Front 72

Ester Linkage

Back 72

Dehydration reaction that links phospholipids

Front 73

Saturated Fat

Back 73

1. All carbons have hydrogen attached

2. Straight or linear

3. Solid at room temp

Front 74

Unsaturated Fat

Back 74

1. not all carbons have hydrogen attached

2. liquid at room temp

3. Bent shape

Front 75

Steroids

Back 75

signaling and communication

Hydroxyl and methyl

Front 76

Proteins

Back 76

Meat, eggs, beans, nuts

C, H, O, N, S

Front 77

Amino Acids

Back 77

Building blocks of proteins. Carboxyl and amino groups. Differ in properties due to R groups.

Front 78

Polypeptide

Back 78

Polymer of amino acids

Front 79

Peptide Bonds

Back 79

Dehydration reaction that occurs when two or more amino acids bond together

Front 80

Functional Groups involved in peptide bond

Back 80

Carboxyl and Amino

Front 81

Protein Functions

Back 81

1. Energy

2. Structure

3. Repair

4. Enzymes

5. Hormones

6. Antibodies

Front 82

Primary Structure of Protein

Back 82

Sequence of amino acids

Front 83

Secondary Structure of Protein

Back 83

Pleated sheets and helices

Front 84

Tertiary Structure of Protein

Back 84

Coils in on itself

Front 85

Quaternary Structure of Protein

Back 85

More than one polypeptide

Front 86

Nucleic Acids

Back 86

DNA and RNA. Genetic Material. C, H, O, N, P. Phosphate and hydroxyl groups

Front 87

Nucleotides

Back 87

Building blocks of nucleic acids

Front 88

Phosphodiester Linkage

Back 88

How nucleotides bond together.

Front 89

Polynucleotide

Back 89

Nucleic Acid

Front 90

DNA

Back 90

2 polynucleotides spiraling in a double helix. Genetic Material

Front 91

RNA

Back 91

Single polypeptide chain

Front 92

Why are cells small?

Back 92

Cell membranes create an internal and external environment. Oxygen, nutrients, and waste have to transmit across the cell membrane. The rate at which these things transfer is directly proportional to the surface area of the cell's surface. They can travel at a greater rate, because the ration of surface area to volume is greater.

Front 93

Basic features of all cells

Back 93

1. Plasma Membrane

2. Semifluid Substance called cytosil

3. Cytoplasm - the area between the membrane and the rest of the cell

4. Chromosomes - Carry genes

5. Ribosomes - Protein synthesis

Front 94

Prokaryotic Cells

Back 94

1. Older, Smaller

2. No organelles

3. No nucleus

Front 95

Eukaryotic Cells

Back 95

1. Younger, Larger

2. Ribosomes - Protein

3. Nucleus