Bio Chapter 10&11

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Embryo

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an organism in its earliest stages of development

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Differentiation

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process in which cells become specialized for a specific structure and function via selective gene expression

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Morphogenesis

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the embryonic development of the structure of an organism

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Blastula

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an animal embryo after the cleavage stage, consisting of a hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells

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Gastrula

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the two-layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage

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ectoderm

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the outer layer of cells in the gastrula stage of an animal embryo

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endoderm

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the innermost layer of the three germ layers, primary tissue layers, in an animal embryo

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mesoderm

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in most animal embryos, a tissue layer between the ectoderm and endoderm

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Body Plan

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the general form of an organism's body structure, including its pattern of symmetry, germ layers, and body cavities

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Notochord

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a flexible, dorsal, rod-like structure that extends the length of the body of animals called chordates; in vertebrates, present only in the embryonic stages

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fertlization

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the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

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gamete

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able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

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yolk

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rich in protein and fat, and nourishes the developing embryo.

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zygote

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a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

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primary germ layers

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Any of three cellular layers, the ectoderm, endoderm, or mesoderm, into which most animal embryos differentiate andfrom which the organs and tissues of the body develop through further differentiation.

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neural tube

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a hollow structure from which the brain and spinal cord form. Defects in its development can result in congenital abnormalities

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segmentation

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the subdivision of an organism or of an organ into more or lessequivalent parts.

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homeobox

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any of a class of closely similar sequences that occur in various genes and are involved in regulating embryonic development in a wide range of sp

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hox genes

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any of a class of genes that determines the basic structure andorientation of an organism.

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homeodomain

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the part of the protein that attaches (binds) to specific regulatory regions of the target genes

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blastocyst

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a mammalian blastula in which some differentiation of cells has occurred.

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phototropism

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organism's reaction to light

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etiolation

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altering the natural growth of a plant by taking away all sunlight

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imbibtion

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special type of diffusion when water is absorbed by solids-colloids-causing them to enormously increase in volume

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gravitropism

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an organism's response to gravity. negative or postive

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amnion

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a sac or membrane filled with fluid and enclosing the embryo of a reptile, bird, or mammal

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chorion

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an embryonic membrane that surrounds all the other embryonic membranes in reptiles, birds, and mammals

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placenta

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a structure in the uterus for exchange of materials between a fetus and the mother's blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes

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fetus

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an older human embryo

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multipotent

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cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells; adult stem cells and cord blood stem cells are considered

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pluripotent

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(of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to several different cell types

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totipotent

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(of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to any cell type or (of a blastomere) a complete embryo.

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induced pluripotent (IPS)

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adult stem cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to be pluripotent

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embryonic stem cell

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stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo, pluripotent

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adult stem cell

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are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.

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cotyledon

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the primary or rudimentary leaf of the embryo of seed plants.

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seed coat

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the protective outer coat of a seed.

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germination

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to develop into a plant or individual, as a seed, spore, or bulb

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monocot

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plant with an embryo that bears a single cotyledon ( the smaller of the two great divisions of flowering plants, and typically have elongated stalkless leaves with parallel veins)

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dicot

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plant with an embryo that bears a single cotyledon ( larger of the two great divisions of flowering plants, and typically have broad, stalked leaves with netlike veins)

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radicle

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is the first part of a seedling to emerge from the seed during the process of germination... the embryonic root of the plant, and grows downward in the soil

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endosperm

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the part of a seed that acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo, usually containing starch with protein and other nutrients.

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apical meristem

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embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and shoots that supplies cells for growth in length

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hypocotyl

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the part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons, forming aconnection with the radicle.

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zona pellucida

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the thick transparent membrane surrounding a mammalian ovum before implantation.dd