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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genetics |
How characteristics are inherited |
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Gene |
Section of a DNA that codes for building things (like proteins) and your characteristics |
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Allele |
A specific version of a gene *(codes) Example: 👂 |
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Genome |
All the genes that code for an organisms characteristics |
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Egg+sperm=? |
Zygote (2n) Remember: 1+1=1! |
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Genotype |
What you have! -cant tell unless you have tissue sample |
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Phenotype |
What you see! "-I can tell you're tall by seeing it!" |
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Dominant alleles |
Upper case |
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Recessive alleles |
Lowercase |
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TT=? Tt=? tt=? |
Tall Tall Not tall |
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homozygous |
If 2 identical alleles for a characteristic, the genotype is homozygous (2 of the same) Example: EE TT RR etc. |
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Heterozygous |
2 different alleles Example: Tt Ee Rr |
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Fertilization |
N+N=2N |
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Probability |
Based on % |
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Possibility |
Yes or no |
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Law of dominance |
1. Organisms have 2 pieces of genetic information for each characteristic 2. Alleles can be different 3. Alleles interact in a dominant\recessive manner |
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Law of segregation |
When alleles for the same trait (Tt, TT, tt) separate. |
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Law of independent assortment |
When alleles for different traits separate. This means that traits are transferred to offspring independently of one another. |
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Codominance |
In a heterozygous situation, when 2 alleles are visible (both are expressed). This means there is neither total dominance nor recessiveness |
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Incomplete Dominance |
In a heterozycous situation, when an intermediate phenotype is expressed. Example: Red (R) and white (w)>pink instead of red(Rw) |
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Multiple Alleles |
+3 alleles for a single trait |
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Polygenic inheritance |
When several pairs of alleles determine a characteristic. "Several to one" |
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Pleiotrophy |
When 1 gene affects more than 1 characteristic. "One gene determines several characteristics" |
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Linkage |
When genes for different characteristics are inherited together. |
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Linkage groups |
Set of genes located on the same chromosome. Though they tend to be inherited together, they may be split up by cross_over |
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2 types of chromosomes |
Sex chromosome- control your sex Autosomes- not directly involved in sex determination (in humans this is 22 of the 23) |
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Sex determination |
In mammals, the genes that determine maleness are located on the "Y" chromosome. Male have X/Y Female have X/X |
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Sex linkage |
When genes appear on both the X and Y chromosome; others on only the X or Y |
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X linked genes |
Genes found only on the X chromosome |
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Y linked genes |
Genes found only on the Y chromosome |
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Biotechnology |
Techniques that provide the ability to directly manipulate the genetic info of an organism |
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GMO |
Genetically modified organism |
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Good things about biotechnology |
Cheaper drugs, correct genetic mutations, create toxin destroying cells, 'better' crops and livestock(selective breeding) |
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Bad things about biotechnology |
Public personal genetic info, potential risk of modified crops and animals, ethical concerns |
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DNA fingerprinting |
Identifies individuals based on short pieces of DNA. Uses the polymerase chain reaction to generate large quantities of DNA from short segments. |
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3 steps to DNA fingerprinting |
1 denature 2 anneal 3 extend |
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Transformation in GMOs |
Transferring DNA from one organism to another. |
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Recombinant DNA |
The combination of both DNAs (cut and paste) |
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Gene therapy |
Insertion, deletion +/or manipulating the action of genes to cure/lesson the effect of genetic diseases |
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Cloning |
From exchanging a gene to the cloning of an entire organism. The latter is done via somatic cell nuclear transfer |
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Somatic cell nuclear transfer |
1 remove a nucleus from the cell of the organism 2 the treated nucleus is placed into an egg cell w/o the nucleus 3 stimulate the egg electrically 4 transfer egg to a uterus |
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Stem cell types? |
Adult Embryonic |
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Stem cell capabilities |
Omnipotential(everything) and pluripotential(progenitor cells) |
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Personalized stem cell lines |
Regenerative medicine to produce new tissues and organs |
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Species |
Organisms potentially capable of breeding naturally and having offspring that also interbreed successfully |
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Population |
Can breed naturally and are found in a specified area at the same time |
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Population genetics |
Study of the kinds of genes within a population |
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Gene pool |
All the alleles of the individuals within a population |
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Biological Species Concept |
Because a species is a population (shares a gene pool) that is reproductively isolated and an individual organism does not equal species but a member of, the BSC= genetically similar organisms |
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Allele Frequencies |
The commonness of a particular gene from (allele) |
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Subspecies |
Aka- breeds, varieties, strains, races Distinct populations within a species. Often there is little +/- of genetic material to a local population |
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Genetic Diversity |
Genetic differences among members of a population |
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Migration |
Removes from old gene pool, adds to new |
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Polymerase chain reaction |
Make multiple copies of a specific DNA segment. *Denature, anneal, extend |
