Bio Chap. 1B

Front 1

Emergent Properties

Back 1

Novel properties in the hierarchy of life that were not present at the simpler levels of organization. Natural consequences of ever more complex structural organization. For example, metabolism or consciousness.

Front 2

Evolution, the Flow of Energy, Cooperation, Structure Determines Function, and Homeostasis

Back 2

What are the five general themes of biology?

Front 3

Natural Selection

Back 3

The differential reproduction of genotypes caused by factors in the environment. Leads to evolutionary change. Consequences of ever more complex structural organization.

Front 4

The Flow of Energy

Back 4

All the energy used by most organisms comes from the sun and is passed in one direction through ecosystems.

Front 5

Photosynthesis

Back 5

This process uses energy from the sun to synthesize sugars thaorganisms like plants store in their bodies.

Front 6

Cooperation

Back 6

This is done between different kinds of organisms.

Front 7

Symbiosis

Back 7

The condition in which two or more dissimilar organisms live together in close association; includes parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.

Front 8

Structure Determines Function

Back 8

Within the many kinds of organisms in the living world, body structures seem carefully designed to carry out their functions - the long tongue with which the moth sucks nectar from deep inside a flower is one example.

Front 9

Homeostasis

Back 9

Maintaining this in a body as complex as ours requires a great deal of signaling back-and-forth between cells.

Front 10

Observation, Hypothesis, Predictions, Testing, Controls, and Conclusion

Back 10

What are the six stages of scientific investigations?

Front 11

Hypothesis

Back 11

A proposal that might be true but is never proven correct. All of these are provisional - proposals that are retained for the time being as useful but that may be rejected in the future if found to be inconsistent with new information.

Front 12

Predictions

Back 12

This is what you can expect to happen if a hypothesis is true.

Front 13

Experiment

Back 13

The test of a hypothesis is called this...

Front 14

Variable

Back 14

Any factor that influences a process. In evaluating alternative hypothese about one of these, all others are held constant so that the investigator is not misled or confused by other influences.

Front 15

Control Experiment

Back 15

An experiment wherein the variable is not altered.

Front 16

Theory

Back 16

A collection of related hypotheses that have been tested many times and not rejected.

Front 17

Observations

Back 17

These are made that raise particular questions.

Front 18

The importance of insight and imagination

Back 18

What does the scientific method not take into account?

Front 19

Cell Theory, Gene Theory, the Thoery of Heredity, and the Theory of Evolution

Back 19

What are the four unifying theories in biology?

Front 20

Gene Theory

Back 20

This states that long molecules of DNA carry instructions for producing cellular components. Nucleotides are organized into discrete units and it is determined how an organism looks and functions.

Front 21

Theory of Heredity

Back 21

Genes of an organism are passed as discrete units from parent to offspring.

Front 22

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Back 22

Kingdoms are further organized into three major groups called domains based on their cellular characteristics. What are these?

Front 23

Theory of Evolution

Back 23

This states that modifications in genes are passed from parent to offspring and result in changes in future generations leading to the formation of new groups or organisms.

Front 24

Prokaryote

Back 24

A simple organism that is small, single-celled, and has little evidence of internal structure.

Front 25

Eukaryote

Back 25

A cell that possesses membrane-bounded organelles, most notably a cell nucleus, and chromosomes whose DNA is associated with proteins; an organism composed of such cells.

Front 26

Kingdoms

Back 26

Biologist categorize all living things based on related characterics into large groups called...

Front 27

Cellular Organization

Back 27

Living things can be distinguished from nonliving things because they have...

Front 28

Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organisms, Community, Population, Species, and Ecosystem

Back 28

Living things are organized. What is the arrangement from smallest to largest (12)?

Front 29

Test each hypothesis, using appropriate controls to rule out as many as possible

Back 29

When trying to figure out explanation for observation, you usually construct a series of possible hypotheses. Then you make predictions of what will happen if each hypothesis is true, and...

Front 30

Autotroph

Back 30

An organism that can harvest light energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic compounds to make organic molecules. These are considered the primary producers in the food chain.

Front 31

Enzyme

Back 31

A protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction in a living cell such as sucrase.

Front 32

Heterotrophs

Back 32

These are consumers in the food chain. An organism that does not have the ability to produce its own food.

Front 33

Hundreds to over a thousand genes

Back 33

How many genes are in a human chromosone?

Front 34

A specific sequence of molecules that make up DNA. These are called nucleotides.

Back 34

What is a gene made of?

Front 35

Cells in different tissue types use different genes. We have all out genes in nearly every cell but genes are turned off where the proteins they encode are not needed.

Back 35

Why are the cells in different tissue types all different from each other? Such as muscle cells, blood cells, and nerve cells.

Front 36

Genes code for proteins

Back 36

What is the function of a gene?

Front 37

Catalyze

Back 37

To speed up a specific chemical reaction by using a substance to lower the eneergy required to activate or start a reaction.

Front 38

Primary Producers

Back 38

Photosynthetic organisms, including plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria.

Front 39

Consumer

Back 39

A heterotroph that derives its energy from living or freshly killed organisms or parts thereof. Examples are herbivores as primary and carnivores or parasites as secondary.