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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of fungi
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non-motile, filamentous mycelium, absorptive, chitin cell walls, spore life cycle, saphrophytes, uni/multicellular
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chytridiomycota
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flagellated spores, paraphyletic, previously thought to be a protist, most are saphrophytic, not parasitic
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zygomycota
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bread/fruit molds, resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage, spores dominant until activated, ceonocytic hypae (without septa/pores)
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glomeromycota
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arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, forms tree-like roots, mutual relationship with plants, environment for nutrients
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ascomycota (sac fungi)
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75% of all fungi, sexual spores borne in sacs (asci), produce asexual spores too
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fungi in lichen
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ascomycete lichen --> algal cells ingrain themselves in hyphae, break off as soredia to start new lichen
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growth types of lichen
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crustose (encrusting), fructicose (shrublike), foliose (leaflike)
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euglenazoans
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flagellum with rod, eyespot, light detector; mixotrophy
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dinoflagellates
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"bloom" in summer, bioluminescence, biflagellated
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red tides
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neurotoxins, ciguatera, paralytic shellfish poisoning
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diatoms
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shell made of silica, can withstand great pressure, fits like petri dish, major component of phytoplankton
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golden algae
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yellow/brown carotenoid pigments, biflagellated, may be colonial
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brown algae
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largest/most complex algae, common in cool ocean waters, cell walls have gel-forming polysaccharides; kelp
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ectomycorrhizae
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mycelium forms dense sheath/mantle over root, forms network in apoplast to facilitate nutrient exchange
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arbuscular mycorrhizae
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hyphae grow through cell walls of plant roots and extend into root cell, causes invagination of plant cells' plasma membrane
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red algae
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evolved in deep ocean, phycoerythrin and other pigments reflect red and absorb blue/green, masks chlorophyll
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green algae
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link to land plants; clorophyes, charophytes --> isomorphic
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clorophytes
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freshwater, sometimes colonial, evolved convergently with land plants
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charophytes
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closest to lang plants, all extant are aquatic, sporopollenin protects the zygotes --> bridge for how algae got to land
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derived traits of land plants
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alternation of generations, multicellular sporangia that produce spores, milticellular gametongia, apical meristomatic tissue
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origin of land plants
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~473 mya
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bryophytes
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non-vascular plants, photosynthetic, small, can form dense mats, waxy cuticles, spores, absorb water thru body (no roots), specialized cells for water transport --> horworts, liverworts, mosses
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gametangia
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archegonium, antheridium
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peristome
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opening of sporangium where spores disperse
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pteridophyta
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seedless vascular plants; dichotomous branching of sporophyte, vascular = growth to large body size; led to global cooling event (fossil fuel deposits); lycophyta and pterophyta
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lycophyta
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strobili = clusters of sporophylls; club mosses
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pterophyta
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vegetative stem + strobilus on fertile stem; ferns and coarse plants, not easily edible
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evolution of leaves/vascular system
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microphylls (developed from sporangia) and megaphylls (stems) reduce and flatten, webbing develops --> xylem + phloem --> convergent evolution of roots
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seed plants share
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reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen
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gnetophyta
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genera: gnetum, welwitschia (dioecious), ephedra
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coniferophyta
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disiduous (drops needles), fleshy conifers, tallest/oldest/most massive, redwoods(dawn, coast, giant sequoia)
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angiosperm lines
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amborella, water lillies, star anise, monocots, magnolids, eudicots
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accessory fruit
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develops from tissues other than ovary (apple)
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eudicot seed
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radicle, seed coat, epicotyl, hypocotyl, cotyledons
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monocot seed
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radicle (roots), epicotyl, hypocotyl, cotyledon, endosperm, coleoptile
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epicotyl
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embryonic shoot above cotyledons, often develops into leaves
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hypocotyl
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stem of germinating seedling, below cotyledons
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shoot system
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axillary buds lead to mores branches, apical = elongation
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tissue system
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dermal, ground, vascular
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modified stems
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rhizomes, stolons, tubers, bulb
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stem of monocot
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epidermis, vascular bundles, ground tissue
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stem of dicot
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epidermis, pith, sclerenchyma
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pith
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region inside vascular bundles
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vessel (xylem)
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short, broad, perforated plates allow water to travel b/w cells
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tracheids (xylem)
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long, tapered cells, water goes through tubes via pits
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phloem
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sieve-like elements --> 2 cells separated by perforated plate, coordinated by companion cells, pores, sap
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parenchyma
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least reinforced cell walls, empty space (vacuoles), storage, leaves, stem cells
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collenchyma
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thicker cell walls, supportive structures
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sclerenchyma
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lignin in cell walls, rigid support (scleroids and fibers)
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primary plant growth
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elongation at shoot apical meristems
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secondary growth in monocots
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nonexistent --> lack cambium tissue, only elongate
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primary root growth
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zones of division, elongation, differentiation
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eudicot root
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xylem/phloem/pericycle surrounded by endodermis, cortex, and epidermis
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pericycle
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where lateral roots form, pushes through cortex and epidermis
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intercalary (monocots)
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occurs at base of nodes and leaf blades --> cell division, allows for rapid growth/regrowth (cows grazing)
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monocot root
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parenchyma core, circles of xylem surrounded by phloem, surrounded by pericycle and endodermis, cortex, and epidermis
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mycorhizza
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associated with root hairs --> club-shaped branches are often typical of association of fungus and plant root
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nitrogen-fixing bacteria
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in root nodules of many plants --> plant sends signal to bacteria, which signals formation of bacteroid
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plasmodesmata
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small tubes that connect plant cells to each other, enable communication/transport
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casparian strip
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made of suberin (cutin), blocks solutions from xylem/phloem --> minerals must cross plasma membrane (selectively permeable)
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wild mustard
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kale from leaves
cauliflower from flower clusters cabbage from apical buds brussel sprouts from axillary buds kohlabi from stems broccoli from flowers/stems |
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solute potential
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proportional to morality of solution --> high solute concentration makes it more negative, lowers water potential
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pressure potential
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physical pressure on solution --> positive = turgor, negative = tension
- want water potential = 0 for balance |
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bulk flow
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in xylem, driven by positive pressure from below (minimal), and by negative pressure from above (most)
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guard cells
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open when accumulating K+ from neighboring cells and water thru osmosis
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cohesion-tension hypothesis
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transpiration pulls, cohesion/adhesion transmits pull (by H+ bonding)
pull from leaves via tension at air-water interface air space filled with water barrier = interface, curves when there's tension |
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soil solution
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flows into hydrophilic walls of epidermal cells and active transport accumulates minerals to high concentrations in roots
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guttation
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push from roots (dew) --> at night, stomata close to avoid loss of water; xylem sap appears on tips of leaves b/c of solute-rich intake/positive pressure
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trichomes (xerophtyes)
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hair on plants for disrupting air flow
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alt. modes of photosynthesis
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crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) allows stomata to be closed all day
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pressure flow model tests
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aphid feeding, stylet in phloem, sap droplet
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nitrogen
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part of nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, chlorophyll, coenzymes
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potassium
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form/stability of cell walls, membrane maintenance, permeability, activates enzymes, regulates responses to stimuli
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magnesium
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component of chlorophyll, activates enzymes
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phosphorous
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component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, several coenzymes
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sulfur
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component of proteins, coenzymes
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Frits Went's experiment
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plant curved toward light b/c dark side had higher auxin concentration
-excised tip on agar cube, auxin diffuses into cube --> stimulates growth, moves towards light |
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function of plant hormones
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- alter gene expression
- affect activity of enzymes - change properties of cell membranes - chemical messengers send signal from site of production to site of action |
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Auxin (IAA)
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STEM ELONGATION --> stimulates growth of apical bud, inhibits growth of axillary buds --> APICAL DOMINANCE
- can also induce fruit growth w/out pollination |
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Cytokinins
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originates in roots, stimulates cell division
- works with auxin in cell differentiation - old model - wrong --> both interact with strigolactones in apical dominance |
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Gibberellins
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induce rapid fruit growth --> elongates internodes
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Abscisic acid (ABA)
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- high levels inhibit seed germination (seed dormancy)
- low levels stimulate early germination (red mangrove) |
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drought tolerance
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causes guard cells to lose K+, affects stomtal closure
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Ethylene
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gaseous --> helps fruit ripen
- produced well by bananas |
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Triple response (ethylene concentration)
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seedling pushing thru soil: slowing of stem elongation, thickening of stem, horizontal stem growth
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cell senescence + leaf abscission
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controlled by change in ration of ethylene to auxin
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