Bio Ch. 7

Front 1

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration equation

Back 1

Front 2

The cells release chemical energy from carbohydrates by the process called ________.

Back 2

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Front 3

Cellular respiration includes the __________ of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which breakdown organic molecules for the production of ATP

Back 3

catabolic pathways

Front 4

Catabolic pathways

Back 4

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules

Front 5

Aerobic respiration

Back 5

Break down of organic molecules in the presence of oxygen

Front 6

Aerobic respiration

Back 6

Break down of organic molecules in the presence of oxygen Ex : Eukaryotic cells

Front 7

Anaerobic respiration

Back 7

Breakdown of organic molecules in the absence of oxygen. Ex: Some eukaryotic cells(under low oxygen levels),Prokaryotic and protists.

Front 8

Aerobic respiration and fermentation both begin with _______, which converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of ______

Back 8

glycolosis, pyruvate

Front 9

Fermentation is completed in the ______, yielding _____ per glucose molecule

Back 9

cytoplasm, 2 ATP

Front 10

Aerobic respiration is completed in ______, yielding ____ per glucose molecule

Back 10

mitochondria, 36 ATP

Front 11

Three stages of aerobic respiration

Back 11

1. Glycolysis
2. Acetyl-CoA formation and Krebs cycle
3. Electron transfer phosphorylation (ATP formation)
( Coenzymes NADH and FADH2 carry electrons and hydrogen ions to ETP for the production of ATP)

Front 12

Pyruvate

Back 12

3 carbon compound formed from glucose in glycolosis

Front 13

Substrate level phosphorylation

Back 13

The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate.

Front 14

______ are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation (______). 2 ____molecules are produced.

Back 14

Four ATP, net 2 ATP, NADH

Front 15

ATP requiring and ATP generating steps

Back 15

Front 16

The two stages of second part of aerobic respiration

Back 16

Occurs in mitochondria
Includes two stages:
Acetyl CoA formation
Krebs cycle (each occurs twice in the breakdown of one glucose molecule)

Front 17

Process of Acetyle-CoA formation

Back 17

Two pyruvate formed by glycolysis enter the inner compartment of a mitochondrion
In the inner compartment of the mitochondrion, enzymes split pyruvate, forming acetyl CoA( has a lot of energy and very reactive) and CO2 (which diffuses out of the cell)
2 NADH is formed

Front 18

Krebs Cycle

Back 18

A sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions that break down 2 acetyl CoA into 4 CO2
Oxaloacetate is used and regenerated
6 NADH and 2 FADH2 are formed
2 ATP is formed

Front 19

Reactions happening inside a mitochondrion

Back 19

Front 20

Krebs Cycle steps

Back 20

Front 21

Steps of electron transfer phosphorylization

Back 21

Coenzymes NADH and FADH2 donate electrons and H+ to electron transfer chains

Active transport forms a H+ concentration gradient in the outer mitochondrial compartment

H+ follows its gradient through ATP synthase, which attaches a phosphate to ADP

Finally, oxygen accepts electrons and combines with H+, forming water

Front 22

Electron transfer phosphorylization steps

Back 22

Front 23

Oxidative Phosphorylization

Back 23

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain

Front 24

Chemiosmosis

Back 24

An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis

Front 25

The summary of energy harvest in aerobic respiration

Back 25

Typically, the breakdown of one glucose molecule yields 36 – 38 ATPs
Glycolysis: 2 ATPs
Krebs cycle: 2 ATPs
Electron transfer phosphorylation: 32 – 34 ATPs

Front 26

Summary of aerobic respiration

Back 26

Front 27

__________ break down carbohydrates without using oxygen

Back 27

Fermentation pathways

Front 28

Fermenters

Back 28

Anaerobes or Facultative anaerobes(organisms/cells that switch to fermentation in the absence of oxygen)

Front 29

Aenorobes

Back 29

Ex: Bacteria and single cell protists that inhabit
Sea sediments
Animal guts
Improperly canned food
Sewage treatment ponds
Deep mud and other anaerobic habitats.

Front 30

Facultative aenarobes

Back 30

Yeast and animal muscle cells

Front 31

Fermentation pathways

Back 31

Glycolysis is the first stage of fermentation
Forms 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP

Pyruvate is converted to other molecules, but is not fully broken down to CO2 and water
Regenerates NAD+ but doesn’t produce ATP

Provides enough energy for some single-celled anaerobic species

Front 32

Alcoholic fermentation

Back 32

Pyruvate is split into acetaldehyde and CO2
Acetaldehyde receives electrons and hydrogen from NADH, forming NAD+ and ethanol

Front 33

Lactate fermentation

Back 33

Pyruvate receives electrons and hydrogen from NADH, forming NAD+ and lactate
** NAD+ regeneration during both these pathways is crucial to the survival of the organism. When the supply of NAD+ is exhausted, glycolysis would stop, energy production would cease and the organism would almost instantly die

Front 34

Two pathways of fermentation

Back 34

Front 35

________ which moves bones, consists of cells fused as long fibers. The fibers differ in how they make ATP.

Back 35

Skeletal muscle cells

Front 36

Slow-twitch muscle fibers (“red” muscles)

Back 36

make ATP by aerobic respiration
Have many mitochondria
Dominate in prolonged activity

Front 37

Fast-twitch muscle fibers (“white” muscles)

Back 37

make ATP by lactate fermentation
Have few mitochondria and no myoglobin
Sustain short bursts of activity

Front 38

Pathways that break down molecules other than ________ also keep organisms alive

Back 38

carbohydrates

Front 39

When blood ____concentration rises, the pancreas increases ______ secretion

Back 39

glucose, insulin

Front 40

A few different pathways yield ATP by breaking down carbohydrates, but a typical _______ uses aerobic respiration most of the time.

Back 40

eukaryotic cell

Front 41

One way energy flow

Back 41

Front 42

Aerobic respiration overview

Back 42

Front 43

Many bacteria, archaea, and protists harvest energy from carbohydrates by anaerobic pathways of _____

Back 43

fermentation

Front 44

The reactions of glycolysis convert one molecule of glucose to two molecules of ______ for a net yield of two ATP.

Back 44

pyruvate

Front 45

An energy investment of ___ is required to start glycolysis.

Back 45

ATP

Front 46

The enzyme that catalysis glycolysis

Back 46

Hexokinase

Front 47

Glycolosis summary

Back 47

Front 48

Krebs Cycle overview

Back 48

Front 49

The Krebs cycle breaks down _____ to _____.

Back 49

acetyl–CoA, CO2

Front 50

Acetyl CoA and Krebs Cycle Summary

Back 50

Front 51

The third stage of aerobic respiration, electron transfer phosphorylation, occurs at the __________.

Back 51

inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 52

Electron transfer phosphorylation steps

Back 52

One NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to electron transfer chains in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Two Electron flow through the chains causes hydrogen ions (H+) to be pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space.

Three The activity of the electron transfer chains causes a hydrogen ion gradient to form across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Four Hydrogen ion flow back to the matrix through ATP synthases drives the formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate (Pi).

Five Oxygen combines with electrons and hydrogen ions at the end of the electron transfer chains, so water forms.

Front 53

Three stages of aerobic respiration

Back 53

Front 54

Fermentation pathways break down carbohydrates without using ______. The final steps in these pathways regenerate _____ but do not produce ___.

Back 54

oxygen, NAD+, ATP

Front 55

Alcoholic fermentation

Back 55

Front 56

Lactate fermentation

Back 56