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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mendels results are seen differently today because |
Single gene traits are usually influenced by environmental and other genes |
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Some combos of recessive alleles cause problems so severe that the fetus ceases to develop. Lethal allele combos appear to alter Mendelian ratios because |
Homozygotes for the lethal allele don’t appear as a progeny class |
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Marbles Manx cat |
Lethal |
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Hairless ness in dogs is inherited from a single dominant allele. Ralph and Penelope hairless dogs |
1/3 and mating 1/2 |
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Brittany and Jarod have been trying to have a 2nd child for 10 years. Why |
Each are heterozygous for lethal alleles of the same gene |
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Morris the big healthy bull |
Múltiple lethal alleles Morris shared with his mate |
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Múltiple Alleles are common because |
A gene sequence can vary in different ways and still encore a functional protein |
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When cystic fibrosis gene was discovered in 1989 only one mutation was described |
Múltiple alleles |
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A gene may have many alleles but a person only has two alleles for a gene because |
A gene can be altered in many ways but a person has only 2 copies of any gene |
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Diff alleles that are both expressed in a heterozygote are |
Codominant |
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Familial H illustrates incomplete dominance in humans because heterozygous have an intermediate number of LDL receptors on their liver cells |
Yeah |
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The alleles that control which A,B blood group antigens appear on the surface of red blood cells are |
Codominant |
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If allele T long tongue exhibits incomplete dominance over the recessive allele t short tongue a heterozygote for this gene would most likely have |
A tongue of intermediate length |
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Can a woman with blood type A have a child with blood type O with a man who is AB? |
Yes because of the epistasis between the I and H genes |
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Zuzu white cat |
Epistatic |
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Fitzsimmons family |
Variably expressive and incompletely penetrant |
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The Addams family |
Variably expressive and incompletely penetrant |
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Epistasis and múltiple alleles differ in that |
Epistasis is an interaction between two genes and multiple alleles are variants of the same gene |
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Pat Wright |
Pleiotropic |
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In many species lens crystalline protein aggregates in the eye to form lenses yet in other cell types functions as an enzyme. The gene that encodes this protein is therefore, |
Pleiotropic |
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Of nearly 200 forms of hereditary deafness, 132 are autosomal recessive, 64 autosomal dominant and 4 X-linked recessive. Hereditary deafness is therefore genetically |
Heterogenic |
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A man who has normal hearing and recessive deafness allel on chromosome 17 marries a woman who has normal hearing and recessive deaf |
Children 0% chance |
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A trait shared by an environmental influence that appears to be inherited is |
A phenocopy |
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Marfan syndrome can be caused by mutations in either of 2 genes but mutations in one of the genes blocks activity of the other |
Genetic heterogeneity and epistasis |
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2 diff alleles for the same mitochondrial gene is called |
Heteroplasmy |
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A mitochondrial trait passes from |
Mother to all children |
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Mitocheondrial DNA differs from nuclear DNA in that it |
It is poorer at DNA repair |
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Which of the following is an illness caused by a mutation in mitochondrial DNA |
Leber optic atrophy |
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The mitochondrial genome consists of blank genes |
37 |
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Mitochondrial disorders tend to cause great fatigue because |
Muscle cells are normally filled with mitochondria |
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Mitochondrial disorders are probably very rare because |
As oocytes formed, those with harmful mitochondrial mutations did not have sufficient energy to survive |
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In common English linkage refers to one event that tends to occur when another does. In genetics linkage has a precise meaning it refers to |
Two genes on the same chromosome |
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Geneticists construct linkage maps of chromosomes by |
Calculating the percent recombination between two genes on the same chromosome |
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In a heterozygous for two linked genes both dominant alleles are on one chromosome and both recessive allele are on the homologous chromosome. The genes are said to be in |
Cis |
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LOD logareithm scores are used to indicate linkage between genes. |
3 |
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A and B are linked genes. In a study of 100 offspring 94 had parental genotypes for a and b |
6 units apart |
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ABC |
BAC |
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Widely used research technique used to associate patterns of genetic variation |
Genome wide association studies |
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Types of genetic markers include |
Places in the genome where a base varies among individuals in a pop. |
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Tsar Nicholas |
Heteroplasmy |
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The higher the LOD score the closer the two genes |
True |
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Genetic heterogeneity refers to mutation in different genes that cause the same symptoms |
True |
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Traits that have both inherited and environmental causes are termed |
Multi factorial |
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Mutations and SNPs are similar in that |
They can both be changes in a DNA sequence |
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Mutations and snps are different in that |
Mutations are rare and typically have a large effect on a phenotype whereas snps are common and each may contribute a small degree to a phenotype |
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Multi factorial traits include |
Both single gene and polygenic traits |
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Multi factorial traits include |
Both single gene and polygenic traits |
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The distinction between multi factorial and polygenic traits is that |
Polygenic traits are caused by more than one gene multi factorial traits are caused by one or more genes as well as environmental |
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Multi factorial traits include |
Both single gene and polygenic traits |
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The distinction between multi factorial and polygenic traits is that |
Polygenic traits are caused by more than one gene multi factorial traits are caused by one or more genes as well as environmental |
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Mendels laws |
Apply to multi factorial traits but may be difficult to follow because different genes contribute in different degrees to a phenotype |
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Multi factorial traits include |
Both single gene and polygenic traits |
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The distinction between multi factorial and polygenic traits is that |
Polygenic traits are caused by more than one gene multi factorial traits are caused by one or more genes as well as environmental |
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Mendels laws |
Apply to multi factorial traits but may be difficult to follow because different genes contribute in different degrees to a phenotype |
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Rasheed suffers from migraines |
Cause is at least three genes and perhaps an environmental trigger such as a food |
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A continuously varying trait is |
Height in humans |
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DNA sequences that contribute to polygenic traits are called |
Quantitative trait loci |
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DNA sequences that contribute to polygenic traits are called |
Quantitative trait loci |
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In a polygenic trait |
Genes contribute to varying degrees and alleles have differing degrees of impact |
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For a multi factorial polygenic trait the characteristic shape of the mathematical plot of frequency for each phenotype class is |
A bell curve |
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Polygenic traits are |
Determined by one or more genes |
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The pattern of genetic transmission typical of a multi factorial trait is |
Continuous variation of phenotypic expression |
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The pattern of genetic transmission typical of a multi factorial trait is |
Continuous variation of phenotypic expression |
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Total ridge count is |
A multi factorial trait that considers the number of ridges in whorls loops or arches of the finger pad skin |
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Fingerprint pattern is inherited but also affected by the environment an example of how the environment naturally can alter fingerprint patter is |
A fetus touching the developing toes and finger pads to the wall of the amniotic sac |
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Fingerprint pattern is inherited but also affected by the environment an example of how the environment naturally can alter fingerprint patter is |
A fetus touching the developing toes and finger pads to the wall of the amniotic sac |
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Average height of college students increase throughout the 20th century because |
Nutrition improved greatly in that time |
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Fingerprint pattern is inherited but also affected by the environment an example of how the environment naturally can alter fingerprint patter is |
A fetus touching the developing toes and finger pads to the wall of the amniotic sac |
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Average height of college students increase throughout the 20th century because |
Nutrition improved greatly in that time |
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The number of genes that affect skin hair and eye color is about |
100 |
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People with very light skin have |
About the same number of melanocytes as people with very dark skin |
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People with very light skin have |
About the same number of melanocytes as people with very dark skin |
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Skin color is not a good way to distunguish races of people because |
It is but one of many traits that vary within human populations |
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Empiric risk is based on |
Incidence rate at which certain events occurs |
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Empiric risk is based on |
Incidence rate at which certain events occurs |
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Traditional ways of evaluating multifactorial traits include |
Empiric risk and heritability |
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Empiric risk is based on |
Incidence rate at which certain events occurs |
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Traditional ways of evaluating multifactorial traits include |
Empiric risk and heritability |
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The empiric risk row. Dam member of an affected individual |
Increases with increasing relatedness to affected individuals |
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Empiric risk is based on |
Incidence rate at which certain events occurs |
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Traditional ways of evaluating multifactorial traits include |
Empiric risk and heritability |
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The empiric risk row. Dam member of an affected individual |
Increases with increasing relatedness to affected individuals |
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Empiric risk that the monozygotic twin of a person has cleft lip |
400 |
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Empiric risk is based on |
Incidence rate at which certain events occurs |
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Traditional ways of evaluating multifactorial traits include |
Empiric risk and heritability |
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The empiric risk row. Dam member of an affected individual |
Increases with increasing relatedness to affected individuals |
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Empiric risk that the monozygotic twin of a person has cleft lip |
400 |
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Heratability refers to |
The genetic contribution to the variability of a phenotype una population at a particular time |
