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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What effects water balance of the cells?
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Extracellular fluids
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Osmolarity
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How concentrated a fluid is
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Osmoconformers
(example?) |
The osmolarity of their tissue fluids is equal to that of the external environments
(ex. some aquatic animals) |
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Osmoregulators
(what are they and what do they produce?) |
- Maintain constant osmolarity in tissue fluids
- Produce LARGE amounts of dilute urine |
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What do fats and carbs break down into?
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Water and carbon dioxide
(easily eliminated) |
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What do proteins and nucleic acids break down into?
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Nitrogenous waste
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What is the most common and highly toxic nitrogenous waste product?
What must it be converted into if it is not quickly eliminated? |
Ammonia
Urea or uric acid |
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Ammonotelic animals
(example?) |
Excrete AMMONIA
(ex. aquatic animals like fish) |
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Ureotelic animals
(examples?) |
Excrete UREA (which they converted from ammonia)
(ex. mammals, amphibians, cartilagenous fish) |
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Uricotelic animals
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Excrete URIC ACID (which they converted from ammonia)
(ex. insects, reptiles, birds) |
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What is significant about the excretory systems of freshwater flatworms?
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- Have a flame cell (tubule with cillia beating inside)
- Functional unit of the kidney are PROTONEPHRIDIUM |
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What is significant about the excretory systems of annelids (earthworms)?
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- Functional unit of the kidney is a METANEPHRIDIA
- Each unit begins as a NEPHROSTOME |
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What is significant about the excretory systems of insects?
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Have a system of tubules called MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
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Kidney
(also: what is its functional unit?) |
The major excretory organ of vertebrates
- Functional unit is the nephron |
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What make catilagenous fish osmoconformers?
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They retain UREA in their tissues
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What are the 4 ways that amphibians conserve water?
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- Dilute urine
- Burrow into the ground and enter estivation during dry periods - Store dilute urine in a large bladder and use it as a source of water during estivation - Waxy secretions on the skin |
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What are the three major adaptations that allow reptiles (and birds) to exploit dry environments?
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1) Internal fertilization and eggs with shells that retard water loss
2) Scaly, dry skin that retards water loss 3) Excrete uric acid solids, losing little water in the process |
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What is the force that drives filtration in the glomerulus?
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Arterial blood pressure
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What is the order in which waste passes through the human excretory system?
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1) Kidney (and renal pyramid)
2) Ureter 3) Bladder 4) Urethra |
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What form does the renal tube takes when it enters the medulla?
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It forms the loop of Henle
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What is the order in which waste passes through the human nephron?
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1) Glomerulus
2) Bowman's capsule 3) Proximal convoluted tubule 4) Loop of Henle 5) Distal convoluted tubule 6) Collecting duct |
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What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
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- Conserves body water by reducing the loss of water in urine
- ↑ water resorption = ↑ blood pressure |
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When is ADH released and how?
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1) Kidney filters too much water out of the blood
2) Blood volume drops 3) Stretch receptors in arteries (aorta and carotid) sense volume drop 4) Triggers the hypothalamus to release ADH |
