Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
279 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the study of the structure of the body?
|
anatomy
|
|
|
What is the study of the functions of the body?
|
physiology
|
|
|
What is the sum of all the physical and chemical reactions occurring in the body?
|
metabolism
|
|
|
What describes the relatively constant conditions of the internal environment of the body?
|
homeostasis
|
|
|
What mechanism controls homeostasis?
|
negative feedback
|
|
|
List the levels of organization form simplest to most complex.
|
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
|
|
|
What are the four main organic compounds?
|
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
|
|
|
What are the four main inorganic compounds?
|
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals (inorganic salts)
|
|
|
What is the basic structural and functional unit of the body?
|
cell
|
|
|
Are all cells in the body alike?
|
no; they vary in shape and size
|
|
|
What is made up of similar cells grouped together?
|
tissues
|
|
|
What are the four kinds of tissues in the body?
|
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
|
|
|
What is made up of two or more different tissues that work together?
|
organ
|
|
|
What is the highest level of organization?
|
organism
|
|
|
Do all eleven systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
|
yes
|
|
|
What are the organs of the integumentary system?
|
skin, nails, hair, glands
|
|
|
List 5 functions of the integumentary system.
|
sensations; protection; excretion; temperature regulation; vitamin D synthesis
|
|
|
List 4 functions of the skeletal system.
|
support (shape and framework); protect internal organs; blood cell production; mineral storage
|
|
|
What are three types of muscle tissue in the muscle system?
|
skeletal muscle tissue; cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue
|
|
|
What are three functions of the muscle system?
|
movement; maintain posture; heat production
|
|
|
What are the organs in the nervous system?
|
brain; spinal cord; cranial nerves; spinal nerves
|
|
|
What are the functions of the nervous system?
|
regulate and coordinate body activities; detect changes in internal and external environments; interpret sensory information
|
|
|
List some of the major organs of the endocrine system.
|
hypothalamus; pituitary gland; pineal gland; thyroid gland; parathyroid gland; thymus; adrenal gland; pancreas; testes, ovaries
|
|
|
What is the function of the endocrine system?
|
regulate and coordinate body activities through hormones
|
|
|
What are the organs of the cardiovascular system?
|
heart, blood vessels, blood
|
|
|
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
|
transport food, oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide and other waste products; aid regulating body temperature; protection through white blood cells (WBC)
|
|
|
What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
|
bone, lymph, lymph vessels, lymph node, spleen, thymus
|
|
|
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
|
defensive; produces WBC; returns excess tissue fluid to the blood
|
|
|
What are the organs of the respiratory system?
|
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
|
|
|
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
|
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide; regulates pH
|
|
|
What are the organs of the digestive system?
|
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
|
|
|
What are the functions of the digestive system?
|
digestion and absorption of nutrients; eliminate waste
|
|
|
What are the organs of the urinary system?
|
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
|
|
|
What is the function of the urinary system?
|
regulation of the composition of plasma in the blood through controlled excretion of organic wastes, salts and water
|
|
|
What are the organs of the reproductive system?
|
testes, ducts, glands, ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
|
|
|
What is the main function of the reproductive system?
|
continuation of the species
|
|
|
Which plane divides the body into right and left portions?
|
sagittal
|
|
|
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
|
coronal (frontal)
|
|
|
Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
|
transverse (horizontal)
|
|
|
Which direction is towards the head?
|
superior
|
|
|
Which direction is towards the feet?
|
inferior
|
|
|
Which direction is towards the front of the body?
|
anterior (ventral)
|
|
|
Which direction is towards the back of the body?
|
posterior (dorsal)
|
|
|
Which direction is towards the middle of the body?
|
medial
|
|
|
Which direction is towards the edge of the body?
|
lateral
|
|
|
Which direction is closer to the trunk?
|
proximal
|
|
|
Which direction is farther away from the trunk?
|
distal
|
|
|
When do you use the directional terms proximal and distal?
|
when referring to positions on appendages
|
|
|
Which direction is towards the surface of the skin?
|
superficial
|
|
|
Which direction is towards the interior of the body?
|
deep
|
|
|
What two cavities make up the dorsal cavity?
|
cranial and spinal (vertebral) cavities
|
|
|
What cavity contains the brain?
|
cranial cavity
|
|
|
What cavity contains the spinal cord?
|
vertebral (spinal) cavity
|
|
|
What three major cavities make up the ventral cavity?
|
thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
|
|
|
The thoracic cavity is made up of three cavities, what are they?
|
right pleural cavity, left pleural cavity, pericardial cavity
|
|
|
What cavity contains the right lung?
|
right pleural cavity
|
|
|
What cavity contains the left lung?
|
left pleural cavity
|
|
|
What cavity contains the heart?
|
pericardial cavity
|
|
|
What is the region that contains the heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus and aorta?
|
mediastinum
|
|
|
What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal-pelvic cavity?
|
diaphragm
|
|
|
What is another name for the abdominal-pelvic cavity?
|
peritoneal cavity
|
|
|
What cavity contains the stomach, liver and spleen?
|
abdominal cavity
|
|
|
What cavity contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs of the female?
|
pelvic cavity
|
|
|
What membrane is found immediately on the lungs?
|
visceral pleura
|
|
|
What membrane lines the cavity that houses the lungs?
|
parietal pleura
|
|
|
What membrane is immediately on the heart?
|
visceral pericardium
|
|
|
What membrane lines the cavity that houses the heart?
|
parietal pericardium
|
|
|
What membrane is immediately on the liver, stomach and bladder?
|
visceral peritoneum
|
|
|
What membrane lines the cavity that houses the liver, stomach and bladder?
|
parietal peritoneum
|
|
|
What part of the body contains the head, neck and trunk?
|
axial portion
|
|
|
What part of the body contains the arms and the legs?
|
appendicular portion
|
|
|
In which part of the body are the visceral organs found?
|
axial portion
|
|
|
In which part of the body are all the body cavities found?
|
axial portion
|
|
|
What has weight and take up space?
|
matter
|
|
|
What is matter composed of?
|
elements
|
|
|
What elements make up 95% of the body?
|
C, H, O, N
|
|
|
Which subatomic particles does the nucleus of an atom contain?
|
protons, neutrons
|
|
|
An orbital of an atom contains which subatomic particles?
|
electrons
|
|
|
What charge does a proton have?
|
positive
|
|
|
What charge does a neutron have?
|
neutral
|
|
|
What charge does an electron have?
|
negative
|
|
|
Does an atom have a charge? Why?
|
no; same number of protons (positive charges) as the number of electrons (negative charges)
|
|
|
The atomic number is equal to the number of what?
|
protons
|
|
|
The number of electrons is equal to the number of what?
|
protons
|
|
|
The atomic weight is equal to what?
|
number of protons plus the number of neutrons
|
|
|
What determines the reactivity of the atom?
|
the number of electrons in the outermost energy shell (orbit)
|
|
|
How many electrons will fill the first shell?
|
2
|
|
|
How many electrons will fill the second shell?
|
8
|
|
|
How many electrons will fill the third shell?
|
8
|
|
|
Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic weight are what?
|
isotopes
|
|
|
Do the isotopes of the same elements all react the same way? Why?
|
yes; WHY? they have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell
|
|
|
When two or more different atoms bind together in a chemical reaction, they are called?
|
compound
|
|
|
When atoms lose or gain electrons to form bonds, this bond is called?
|
ionic bond
|
|
|
When atoms share electrons, this bond is called?
|
covalent bond
|
|
|
When atoms lose or gain electrons and become electrically charged they are called?
|
ions
|
|
|
What is the reaction when reactants combined to form new products (building of molecules) and energy is required? Give two names.
|
synthesis reaction (anabolism)
|
|
|
What is the reaction when compounds break down into smaller parts and energy is released?
|
decomposition reaction (catabolism)
|
|
|
When substances dissociate as they dissolve in water, release ions and conduct an electric current, what are these substances called?
|
electrolyte
|
|
|
List three types of electrolytes.
|
acid, base, salt
|
|
|
What is an electrolyte called when it has a pH of less than 7?
|
acid
|
|
|
What is an electrolyte called when it has a pH of more than 7?
|
base
|
|
|
What is a pH of 7?
|
neutral
|
|
|
What is an example of a substance that has a pH of 7?
|
distilled water
|
|
|
What is the pH range of human blood?
|
7.35-7.45
|
|
|
What is the pH of human gastric juice?
|
2
|
|
|
What is the organic compound whose main function is to provide energy?
|
carbohydrates
|
|
|
What are three types of CHO (carbohydrates)?
|
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
|
|
|
What are simple sugars called?
|
monosaccharides
|
|
|
Give three examples of monosaccharides.
|
glucose, fructose, galactose
|
|
|
What are two simple sugars bound together called?
|
disaccharides
|
|
|
What is malt sugar?
|
maltose
|
|
|
What monosaccharides make up maltose?
|
glucose + glucose
|
|
|
What is table sugar?
|
sucrose
|
|
|
What monosaccharides make up sucrose?
|
glucose + fructose
|
|
|
What is milk sugar called?
|
lactose
|
|
|
What monosaccharides make up lactose?
|
glucose + galactose
|
|
|
Which organic compounds are insoluble in water?
|
lipids
|
|
|
What is common fat called?
|
triglycerides
|
|
|
What are the building blocks of triglycerides?
|
a glycerol portion + 3 fatty acid chains
|
|
|
What makes up most of the cell membrane?
|
phospholipids
|
|
|
What are the building blocks of phospholipids?
|
a glycerol portion + 2 fatty acid chains + a phosphate group
|
|
|
Cholesterol, bile salts, and some hormones are examples of which lipids?
|
steroids
|
|
|
List the functions of lipids.
|
energy reserve; insulate; protect; structural component of the cell membrane; bile; structural component of certain hormones
|
|
|
What are the building blocks of proteins?
|
amino acids
|
|
|
Which bond holds amino acids together?
|
peptide bond
|
|
|
What is any molecule that is composed of 2 or more amino acids joined together called?
|
peptide
|
|
|
What name is given to any chain of fewer than 15 amino acids?
|
oligopeptide
|
|
|
What name is given to chains of 15 or more amino acids?
|
polypeptide
|
|
|
How many amino acids are there?
|
20
|
|
|
Name the 4 shapes of proteins.
|
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
|
|
|
What is the drastic conformational change in proteins due to extreme heat or pH called?
|
denaturing
|
|
|
What are the functions of proteins?
|
structural; cell membranes; enzymes; hormones; antibodies; transport substances; contractile proteins; used for energy
|
|
|
Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides. What are the building blocks of nucleotides?
|
a phosphate group + a 5-carbon sugar + an organic nitrogenous base
|
|
|
Which nucleic acid is always located only in the nucleus?
|
DNA
|
|
|
What does DNA stand for?
|
deoxyribonucleic acid
|
|
|
Which nucleic acid contains our heredity information?
|
DNA
|
|
|
Name 3 types of RNA.
|
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
|
|
|
What does RNA stand for?
|
ribonucleic acid
|
|
|
What is the most abundant compound in the body?
|
water
|
|
|
What is the gas that is necessary for cellular respiration?
|
oxygen
|
|
|
What is the gas that is the waste product of cellular respiration?
|
carbon dioxide
|
|
|
List some examples of minerals.
|
Na, Cl, K, Ca, Fe
|
|
|
What does ATP stand for?
|
adenosine triphosphate
|
|
|
What are the building blocks of ATP?
|
a nitrogenous base + a 5-carbon sugar (ribose) + 3 high energy phosphate bonds
|
|
|
Where is the energy found in ATP?
|
in the phosphate bonds
|
|
|
What is known as the “energy currency” of the cell?
|
ATP
|
|
|
What is the structural and functional unit of the body?
|
cell
|
|
|
What are the two major regions that the cell is divided into?
|
cytoplasm and nucleus
|
|
|
What is composed of organelles suspended in cytosol?
|
cytoplasm
|
|
|
Which part of a cell separates the intercellular fluid from the extracellular fluid?
|
cell membrane (plasma membrane)
|
|
|
Name 3 things that make up most of the cell membrane.
|
phospholipids bilayer, cholesterol molecules, globular and fibrous proteins
|
|
|
Is the cell membrane selectively permeable (semipermeable)?
|
yes
|
|
|
Fibrous proteins act as receptors for hormones, enzymes and antibodies. True or False?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Globular proteins act as channels to regulate ion movement in and out of the cells. True or False?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
What is the gel-like fluid between the nucleus and the cell membrane?
|
cytoplasm
|
|
|
What is the largest organelle in the cell?
|
nucleus
|
|
|
What 4 things make up the nucleus?
|
nuclear envelop, nucleolus, chromatin, nucleoplasm
|
|
|
Which structure in the nucleus consists of proteins and DNA?
|
chromatin
|
|
|
Which structure in the nucleus consists of proteins and RNA?
|
nucleolus
|
|
|
Is the nuclear envelope a double membrane? Is it selectively permeable?
|
yes; yes
|
|
|
What is the powerhouse of the cell?
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
Where is most of the ATP produced in the cell?
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
Where does aerobic cellular respiration occur in the cell?
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
What is the general formula for cellular respiration?
|
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP + heat
|
|
|
Where is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
|
ribosomes
|
|
|
Where can you find ribosomes in the cell?
|
produced in the nucleolus in the nucleus and work in the cytoplasm as free-floating ribosomes or attached to RER
|
|
|
What is a network of interconnected flattened sacs that provide a passageway for material to move within the cell?
|
endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
What is the answer to question 21 called when ribosomes are attached?
|
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
|
|
|
What is the answer to question 21 called when no ribosomes are attached?
|
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
|
|
|
What are the functions of SER?
|
cholesterol synthesis; fat metabolism; detoxification of drugs
|
|
|
What is a stack of 4 to 8 membranes where proteins and CHO are modified, packaged and transported within and exported out of the cell?
|
Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies)
|
|
|
What is a vesicle?
|
a membrane bound sac
|
|
|
What is known as the “garbage disposal” of the cell?
|
lysosomes
|
|
|
Which type of cell will contain large numbers of lysosomes?
|
white blood cells (WBC)
|
|
|
What are short, hair-like structures that extend to the outside of cells that beat rhythmically to move substances across the surface of the cell?
|
cilia
|
|
|
What is a long, whip-like structure that propels a cell?
|
flagellum
|
|
|
Which human cell has a flagellum?
|
sperm cells
|
|
|
List the 4 stages of the somatic cell cycle.
|
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, differentiation
|
|
|
In which stage does the maintenance and growth of the cell occur?
|
interphase
|
|
|
In which stage does the division of the nucleus occur?
|
mitosis
|
|
|
In which stage does the division of the cytoplasm occur?
|
cytokinesis
|
|
|
In which stage does the cell become a specialized cell?
|
differentiation
|
|
|
How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell? How many pairs?
|
46; 23
|
|
|
Just before mitosis, what important replications occur during interphase?
|
chromosomes replicate and centrioles replicate
|
|
|
What are the 2 parts of cell division?
|
mitosis and cytokinesis
|
|
|
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
|
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
|
|
|
During which phase of mitosis does the nucleus disappear, chromosomes condense and the centrioles move to opposite poles?
|
prophase
|
|
|
What is DNA called when you cannot see it?
|
chromatin
|
|
|
What is DNA called when you can see it?
|
chromosome and chromatid
|
|
|
What is a duplicated chromosome called?
|
chromatid
|
|
|
What holds the chromatids together?
|
centromere
|
|
|
In which phase do the chromatids meet in the middle of the cell?
|
metaphase
|
|
|
In which phase do the spindle fibers attach to the centromere?
|
metaphase
|
|
|
In which phase are the chromatids pulled apart?
|
anaphase
|
|
|
During which phase does cytoplasmic division begin?
|
anaphase
|
|
|
During which phase do we begin to see two daughter cells?
|
telophase
|
|
|
Which phase is the opposite of prophase?
|
telophase
|
|
|
How are the two sibling (daughter) cells alike?
|
identical DNA
|
|
|
How are the two sibling (daughter) cells different?
|
cell size can vary and the number of cellular organelles within each daughter cell can vary
|
|
|
What is another name for cytokinesis?
|
cytoplasmic division
|
|
|
In which phase does the specialization of cells into different cells occur?
|
differentiation
|
|
|
What is the movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy?
|
passive transport
|
|
|
What are 4 examples of passive transport?
|
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, osmosis
|
|
|
What is the movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a permeable membrane without the use of energy?
|
simple diffusion
|
|
|
What is the movement of a solution through a selectively permeable membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure and no cellular energy is required?
|
filtration
|
|
|
What is hydrostatic pressure?
|
the force of a moving liquid
|
|
|
What is an example of hydrostatic pressure in the body?
|
blood pressure
|
|
|
What is a special case of diffusion where water molecules moves across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration without requiring cellular energy?
|
osmosis
|
|
|
Water will move toward a solution that has more or less solid particles in it?
|
more
|
|
|
Water will move toward a solution that is more or less concentrated with water?
|
less
|
|
|
Water always tries to make a solution more dilute? True or False
|
TRUE
|
|
|
What is a solvent + a solute called?
|
solution
|
|
|
What is a solvent?
|
part of a solution doing the dissolving (usually a liquid)
|
|
|
What is a solute?
|
part of a solution being dissolved (usually a solid)
|
|
|
What are 3 types of solutions based on their effects on a cell?
|
isotonic solution, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution
|
|
|
Which type of solution has the same concentration of solutes and solvent in the solution as in the cell?
|
isotonic solution
|
|
|
Which type of solution does water move in and out of the cell equally?
|
isotonic solution
|
|
|
Which type of solution has a higher concentration of solutes in the solution than the solute concentration of the cell?
|
hypertonic solution
|
|
|
Which type of solution does the water move out of the cell causing the cell to shrink?
|
hypertonic solution
|
|
|
Which type of solution has a lower concentration of solutes in the solution than the solute concentration of the cell?
|
hypotonic solution
|
|
|
Which type of solution does water move into the cell causing the cell to swell?
|
hypotonic solution
|
|
|
If a cell swells so much that it burst, the cell is said to?
|
lyses
|
|
|
If a red blood cell (RBC) swells so much that it burst, what is this called (be specific)?
|
hemolysis
|
|
|
Which type of solution can be given intravenously and not cause harm to the RBC?
|
isotonic solution
|
|
|
Name 2 types of isotonic solutions that can be delivered intravenously?
|
5% dextrose solution or a 0.9% NaCl/100ml solution
|
|
|
What is the movement of substances across the membrane that does require energy and substances to move across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (moves through a globular, integral or carrier protein)?
|
active transport
|
|
|
Does a carrier protein change shape during active transportation?
|
yes
|
|
|
What is the movement of large particles into a cell called?
|
endocytosis
|
|
|
What is “cell drinking” called?
|
pinocytosis
|
|
|
What is “cell eating” called?
|
phagocytosis
|
|
|
What is the movement of specific particles that bind to fibrous proteins on the cell membrane and then are engulfed into the cell?
|
receptor mediated endocytosis
|
|
|
What is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration using a carrier protein with no cellular energy being required?
|
facilitated diffusion
|
|
|
What is the movement of particles across a cell that has been captured on one side and then release on the other side of the cell?
|
transcytosis
|
|
|
What is the building of larger molecules from smaller molecules called?
|
anabolic metabolism
|
|
|
What is the breaking down of large molecules to smaller molecules called?
|
catabolic metabolism
|
|
|
Which metabolism requires energy?
|
anabolic metabolism
|
|
|
Which metabolism releases energy?
|
catabolic metabolism
|
|
|
Which process requires water?
|
hydrolysis
|
|
|
Which process produces water?
|
dehydration synthesis
|
|
|
Give an example of anabolism.
|
amino acid + amino acid + amino acid + amino acid → protein + water
|
|
|
Give an example of catabolism.
|
glycogen + water → glucose + glucose + glucose + glucose
|
|
|
Enzymes are generally made up of what organic molecules?
|
globular proteins
|
|
|
Do enzymes lower or raise activation energy?
|
lower
|
|
|
How does the above effect body temperature?
|
reduces the amount of heat need for reactions to occur; thus, helps to maintain a lower body temperature
|
|
|
Are enzymes specific?
|
yes
|
|
|
Can enzymes be used repeatedly?
|
yes
|
|
|
Are enzymes needed in large quantities?
|
no; they are not changed by reactions and therefore can be used over and over again
|
|
|
Are enzymes changed in the reaction?
|
no, they are unaltered
|
|
|
What are enzymes called?
|
organic catalyst
|
|
|
What does the active site do?
|
part of an enzyme that has a particular shape where specific substrates will bind
|
|
|
When high temperatures or improper ph levels change the shape of an enzyme so that the enzyme will not function, the enzyme is _____.
|
denatured
|
|
|
What is an ion or mineral called that is required for an enzyme to be active or function?
|
cofactor
|
|
|
What are organic molecules called that accept electrons from one metabolic pathway and carry them to another metabolic pathway?
|
coenzymes
|
|
|
NAD is a derivative of which vitamin?
|
niacin
|
|
|
FAD is a derivative of which vitamin?
|
riboflavin
|
|
|
Inhibitors are chemicals that interfere with an _____ activity.
|
enzyme’s
|
|
|
Which type of enzyme inhibitor resembles the enzyme’s normal substrate and competes with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme?
|
competitive inhibitor
|
|
|
Which type of enzyme inhibitor binds to the enzyme somewhere other than the active site and changes the shape of the active site so that the substrate will not bind to the enzyme?
|
noncompetitive inhibitor
|
|
|
What are the names of the enzymes that break down lipids, proteins, starch, sucrose maltose and lactose?
|
lipase; protease; amylase; sucrase; maltase; lactase
|
|
|
What is a metabolic pathway?
|
a sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions that leads to the production of specific products
|
|
|
In carbohydrate digestion, the glucose molecule can go in two different directions. What are they?
|
to the mitochondria for breakdown by aerobic cellular respiration to form ATP; OR to the liver to be converted into glycogen and stored
|
|
|
In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down into what products?
|
carbon dioxide, water, ATP, heat
|
|
|
One glucose molecule in the complete break down produces how many ATP?
|
38
|
|
|
Occurs in the cytoplasm.
|
anaerobic respiration
|
|
|
Occurs in the mitochondria.
|
aerobic respiration
|
|
|
Requires oxygen.
|
aerobic respiration
|
|
|
Take place in the absence of oxygen.
|
anaerobic respiration
|
|
|
Produces two pyruvic acids.
|
anaerobic respiration
|
|
|
Results in net two ATPs.
|
anaerobic respiration
|
|
|
Results in thirty six ATPs.
|
aerobic respiration
|
|
|
Called glycolysis.
|
anaerobic respiration
|
|
|
Where and why is lactic acid produced?
|
pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen (example = in the muscle cells during strenuous exercise)
|
|
|
Why do two molecules travel through the Kreb’s cycle (or critic acid cycle)?
|
two pyruvic acid molecules are produced from a single glucose molecule; then each of these pyruvic acid molecules is converted into an acetyl CoA molecule that goes into the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle); since two are produced each one must go through the cycle or the “cycle must turn twice”
|
|
|
Where is carbon dioxide produced?
|
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
|
|
|
How many ATPs are produced in electron transport from one NADH?
|
3
|
|
|
How many ATPs are produced in electrons transport from one FADH2?
|
2
|
|
|
In a metabolic pathway, how is the amount of product regulated?
|
negative feedback
|
|
|
What is the rate limiting enzyme and what effect does the amount of product have on it?
|
the first enzyme; too much product will inhibit the rate limiting enzyme, while a limited amount of product will remove the inhibition of the rate limiting enzyme
|
|
|
If an enzyme is lacking, what happens to the metabolic pathway?
|
shuts down or stops
|
