Bio 203 - Final Exam

Front 1

What are the three levels of organization, smallest to largest?

Back 1

1. POPULATION
(sames species)

2. COMMUNITY
(all organisms in a given habitat)

3. ECOSYSTEM
(includes communities and the abiotic components)

Front 2

What is a primary producers role?

Back 2

They fix C02

Includes: chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs

Front 3

What is a chemoautotroph?

Back 3

Use chemicals as their energy source

And CO2 as their Carbon source

Ex: microbes on ocean floor that use H2S

(only prokaryotes)

Front 4

What is a photoautotroph?

Back 4

Uses sunlight as their energy source

Uses CO2 as their carbon source

Can be euks or proks

Front 5

What do decomposers do?

Back 5

degrade/decay organic matter

Ex: chemoheterotrophs
(fungi, decaying microbes)

Front 6

What are consumers?

Back 6

They consume producers

Ex: Chemoheterotrophs

Can be euks and proks

Front 7

What is symbiosis?

Back 7

Living together

Can be neutral, beneficial, or harmful

Front 8

What are the three types of symbiosis?

Back 8

1. commensalism
2. mutalism
3. parasitism

Front 9

What is commensalism?

Back 9

One species benefits, while the other is unharmed

+,0

Ex: Pseudomonis is unharmed while Clostridium benefits

Front 10

What is mutualism?

Back 10

Both species benefit

+,+

Ex: Lichen (fungus and algae)
Algae is protected from drying out, and the fungus gets Carbon and Nitrogen

Front 11

What is parasitism?

Back 11

One species benefits while the other is harmed

+,-

Ex: HIV, TB

Front 12

Carbon Cycle

Back 12

global carbon reservoirs: atmosphere, land, aquatic

microorganisms are responsible for many steps in C-cycle

Front 13

Carbon Fixation

Back 13

Inorganic C to organic C

(CO2 to CH20)

Front 14

Respiration

Back 14

Organic C to Inorganic C

Can be done with or without O2

Front 15

Fermentation

Back 15

Organic carbon to inorganic carbon WITHOUT oxygen

Front 16

Methanogenesis

Back 16

CH4 production
(producing methane)

Front 17

Methane Oxidation

Back 17

CH4 consumption

Front 18

Nitrogen Cycle

Back 18

N is need for proteins, nucleic acids, etc

N2 constitutes about 80% of earth's atmosphere

Euks cannot use N2

Front 19

Denitrification

Back 19

NO3- to N gas

Front 20

Nitrogen Fixation

Back 20

N2 gas to NH3

Front 21

Nitrogen Minneralization

Back 21

Organic N to NH4+

Front 22

Nitrification

Back 22

NH4+ to NO2- and NO3-

Front 23

What are characteristics of microbes in the wild?

Back 23

Oligotrophic - require low nutrients

They face tough competition for resources in nature

Front 24

What are some adaptions so they can survive in nature?

Back 24

- They become better at nutrient capture (like getting Fe)

- Change shape

- Form biofilms (like plaque on your teeth)

- Store critical nutrients

Front 25

How do biofilms form?

Back 25

1. stick (irreversible)
2. attach and multiply (reversible)
3. Other things stick to them
4. Eventually forms a biofilm

Front 26

What is bioremediation?

Back 26

The use of microbes to detoxify or degrade pollutants

Can be INTRINSIC or ENHANCED

Front 27

What is intrinsic bioremediation?

Back 27

Letting the microbes take care of the contaminant

Front 28

What is enhanced bioremediation?

Back 28

Helping out a little

- fertilization: adding limited nutrients like N, P, K, S, etc

- Bioaugmentation: adding microbes that can degrade the contaminant

Front 29

What is waste water?

Back 29

From domestic/industrial effluents

Front 30

What is domestic water?

Back 30

black water (sewer) and gray water (shower, sink)

Front 31

What does waster water needed to be treated?

Back 31

- its high in nutrients
- its high in pathogens
- its low in oxygen

Front 32

What are the treatment goals?

Back 32

1. Remove organic compounds/nutrients
2. Eliminate pathogens
3. Increase oxygen

* the water you're releasing has to be cleaner than the source its entering

Front 33

Primary Treatment

Back 33

- physically screen out large junk, let settle
- settling basic (grit)
- primary tanks (sludge at bottom settles and is removed)
- large junk gone, still high in organics, nutrients, and pathogens

Front 34

Secondary Treatment

Back 34

- microbial treatment to decrease nutrient load and organics
- bio towers (remove C) rotating contactors (remove N)
- digestors (capture Methane for fuel plants to use)

Front 35

Tertiary Treatment

Back 35

removes excess chemicals

Ex: Phosphorus

Front 36

Disinfection

Back 36

Adding chlorine

Front 37

How do we treat drinking water?

Back 37

1) remove potentially pathogenic microbes
2) decrease turbidity (cloudiness)
3) eliminate taste and odor
4) reduce chemicals (ex: arsenic)

Front 38

What is an indicator organism?

Back 38

If present, it indicates contamination

Front 39

What are characteristics of an ideal indicator organism?

Back 39

1. survive as long as the pathogen
2. present in greater #s than the pathogen
3. present whenever pathogens are
4. easy to detect

Front 40

What are commonly used indicators?

Back 40

1. Total Coliforms
- problem: coliforms can be of environmental origin

2. Fecal coliforms
- subset of coliforms that are thermotolerant (37 degrees C)

3. E. Coli and Enterococci
- more specific indicators of fecal contamination

Front 41

What is the coliform drinking limit?

Back 41

0/100 mL

Front 42

What is epidemiology?

Back 42

The study of disease in populations

Front 43

What is an endemic?

Back 43

Disease is constantly present in a population

Front 44

What is an epidemic?

Back 44

Unusually large number of cases present

Front 45

What is an outbreak?

Back 45

Cluster of cases in a short period

Front 46

What is a pandemic?

Back 46

Epidemic that spreads worldwide

Front 47

What is a reservoir?

Back 47

Where pathogens persist

Can be human, non-human, and environmental

Front 48

Human Reservoirs

Back 48

- Symptomatic: obvious symptoms

- Asymptomatic: carriers
Ex: gonorrhea, meningitis

Front 49

Non-human Reservoirs

Back 49

Zoonoses - diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans

Ex: west nile

Front 50

Environmental Reservoirs

Back 50

- Soil (botulism)
- Water (Legionaire's)
- Hospitals (nosocomial infections)

Front 51

What are the four different types of disease transmission?

Back 51

1. Contact
2. Food and Water
3. Air via droplets, dust, soil
4. Vectors

Front 52

1. Transmission via Contact

Back 52

a) Direct
b) Indirect
c) Droplets

Front 53

direct contact

Back 53

when one person directly contacts another

Ex: fecal-oral (feces to food to mouth)

Front 54

indirect contact

Back 54

via inanimate objects

Ex: fomites - inanimate objects that can transfer microbes (doorknobs, railings, phones)

Front 55

droplet contact

Back 55

inhalation of contaminated respiratory droplets

Ex: sneezing

Front 56

2. Transmission via Food and Water

Back 56

- gastrointestinal pathogens through water
- ingestion of contaminated food
- cross-contamination

Front 57

3. Air transmission via droplets, dust, and soil

Back 57

-

Front 58

4. Transmission via Vectors

Back 58

organisms that carry disease

- Mechanical
- Biological

Front 59

What is a mechanical vector?

Back 59

Vector that transfers microbes from one host to another on a surface

Ex: flies

Front 60

What is a biological vector?

Back 60

vector is required in microbes life cycles

Ex: mosquitos

Front 61

What are the two main pathogens of the skin?

Back 61

Staph and Strep

- both are gram + cocci
- Strep: catalase negative
- Staph: catalase positive

Front 62

What does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

Back 62

Strep throat

Group A Strep (GAS)

Its easily treatable on the skin (as impetigo, erysipelas)

Front 63

What is Invasive GAS?

Back 63

Flesh Eating Strep

- subcutaneous tissue infection
- breaks down protein up to 1 in/hr

Front 64

What does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

Back 64

Staph infection

- also responsible for Toxic Shock Syndrome and eye stys

Front 65

What is MRSA?

Back 65

Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus

- produces a penicillin binding protein
- treat with a cillin or vancomyocin (block cell wall synthesis) and rifamprin (block MRNA synthesis)

Front 66

Why is the nervous system susceptible to infections?

Back 66

The immune system (our blood) and antibiotic delivery (which occurs in the blood stream) is far away from the nervous system

Front 67

What is Meningitis?

Back 67

Inflammation of the meninges
(bacterial, viral, or fungal)

Front 68

Which type of meningitis has the highest fatality?

Back 68

Bacterial

Front 69

What are three types of bacteria that commonly affect the nervous system?

Back 69

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza
Neisseria meningitidis

Front 70

What is Neisseria meningtidis responsible for?

Back 70

Epidemic Meningitis - the one there is a vaccine against
(gram -, diplococci)

-LPS, capsule, fimbriae
- Humans are the only host = reservoir
- 5-20% are asymptomatic carriers

Front 71

What is the primary transmission route for N. meningitidis?

Back 71

Respiratory air droplets

(smoking greatly increases chances of getting it)

Front 72

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

Back 72

Fever, stiff neck, nausea, vomitting, sleepiness, rash

Front 73

What are two common disease that affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?

Back 73

1. Hemorrhagic Fevers
2. Lyme Disease

Front 74

What is a hemorrhagic fever?

Back 74

- widespread vascular damage
- caused by small RNA viruses (like ebola)
- zoonotic (bats)
- infection via aerosols
- no treatment for it
- prevention = stay away

Front 75

What is Lyme disease caused by?

Back 75

Borrelia borgdorferi

gram negative, spriochete

Its the most common tickborne illness in the US

Front 76

What animals serves as hosts for Lyme Disease?

Back 76

Deer and field mice

Front 77

How is it transmitted?

Back 77

Its transmitted by infected deer ticks

- the deer is the reservoir, the tick is the biological vector

Front 78

Describe the progression of Lyme Disease

Back 78

- 7 to 10 days post bite: target lesion, flu symptoms
- Weeks to months later: arthritis, heart problems, neurological problems
- Years later: brain degeneration

Front 79

How is Lyme disease treated?

Back 79

Early Antibiotics

Front 80

How can we prevent the disease?

Back 80

- highest transmission is from may to june
- light colored pants, socks tucked in
- insecticides
- examine for ticks, remove promptly

Front 81

What are digestive disease illnesses caused by?

Back 81

Foodborne pathogens

Two ways:
1) Food poisoning by toxins
2) Food poisoning by microbes that establish an infection in the GI tract

Front 82

Food Poisoning by Toxins

Back 82

- bacteria need not enter the body
- they don't need to be alive either
- toxins are secreted into food prior to ingestion
- toxins aren't destroyed by heating

Front 83

What is Clostridium botulism often found in?

Back 83

Canned food

Used in Botox

Front 84

What is Bacillus cereus found in?

Back 84

Rice

Front 85

Staphylococcus aureus?

Back 85

Meats/custards

Front 86

Clostridium perfringes?

Back 86

Meat

Front 87

What is one of the most common foodborne illnesses caused by?

Back 87

S. aureus

Front 88

What are some characteristics of S. aureus?

Back 88

- Gram positive cocci in clusters
- Catalase +
- Can tolerate low moisture and high salt
- Mesophile (rapid growth @ 20-37 degrees C)
- Heat stable enterotoxin
(targets intestines, and heating doesn't kill it)

Front 89

What do we find S. aureus in?

Back 89

Processed/salted meats
Potato salad
Custard filled pastries

Front 90

When is S. aureus most commonly seen?

Back 90

Nov-Dec and July-August
Seen year round though

Front 91

How is it transmitted?

Back 91

Contamination through human carrier

Human is the mechanical vector

Front 92

How is it treated?

Back 92

Symptoms appear quickly after consumption of toxin - anywhere from 30 minutes to 6 hours

It resolves spontaneously in 24 hours

Front 93

What are some illnesses that are a result of food poisoning by microbes that establish infection in the GI tract?

Back 93

Salmonella
E. coli
Listeria
VIbrio
Campylobacter

Front 94

Characteristics of Salmonella enteritidis

Back 94

Enterobacteriacea
Gram negative rods
Ferment glucose, produce acid
NOT A COLIFORM

Front 95

Where is S. enteritidis found?

Back 95

Its found in nearly all animals and is mostly spread from them
(iguanas, snakes, etc)

Its an obligate pathogen in humans

Front 96

What are the most contaminated foods that cause Salmonella?

Back 96

eggs, unpasteurized milk, chicken

(incidence peaks in summer)

Front 97

How much salmonella much you ingest to become infected?

Back 97

Very large #s ( > 1 million)

Front 98

Where does it attach and multiply?

Back 98

In the small intestine

Front 99

When do symptoms occur?

Back 99

Onset is 6-48 hrs after ingestion (nausea, diarrhea, cramps, fever)

It needs time to grow to it takes longer than Staph aureus)

Resolves spontaneously in 2 days to a week