Bio 202 Exam 1

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

Linear sequences of bases that encode the organisms genetic information (double stranded)

Front 2

RNA

Back 2

single stranded - transcription DNA makes RNA
translation-RNA makes proteins

Front 3

proteins

Back 3

chains of amino acids -ultimately become the phenotype (physical expression of genotype)

Front 4

Chromosome

Back 4

Organized structures with DNA, RNA, proteins

Front 5

Diploid

Back 5

2N

Front 6

Haploid

Back 6

N

Front 7

Polyploid

Back 7

more than 2N

Front 8

Autotrophs

Back 8

produce their own energy

Front 9

Heterotroph

Back 9

obtain energy through eating other organisms

Front 10

Properties of Life

Back 10

-reproduction
-growth
-DNA making DNA and phenotypes
-Response to environment
-metabolism
-Respiration
-cells

Front 11

Respiration

Back 11

chemical reactions to convert biochemical energy into ATP

Front 12

Photosynthesis

Back 12

process of converting light energy into sugars

Front 13

Chemosynthesis

Back 13

converting inorganic molecules into organic molecules

Front 14

How did life originate?

Back 14

-nucleotides and amino acids were produced
-then polymerized to form RNA and/or DNA, amino acids were polymerized
-polymers become encased in membranes
-cellular characteristics arose

Front 15

Miller Urey

Back 15

showed synthesis of organic molecules was possible
-charged clay surface attracts the nucleotides, increase local concentration and allow bond formation

Front 16

Evolution

Back 16

change in genotypes over time

Front 17

Adaptation

Back 17

heritable trait that maintains or increases the fitness of an individual in an environment

Front 18

Trait

Back 18

distinct variant of a physical character

Front 19

Fitness

Back 19

number of a genotype in next generation/number of highest reproducing genotype

Front 20

Natural Selection

Back 20

differential survival and reproduction caused by interactions between individuals and the environment that maintain or increase the relative abundance of a trait

Front 21

Requirements for Natural Selection

Back 21

1. Variation
2. Heritable
3. Differential Mortality

Front 22

Lamarck

Back 22

-inheritance of acquired characteristics
-traits can be passed on to offspring

Front 23

Cuvier

Back 23

catastrophism-catastrophic events shaped the earth and life

Front 24

Hutton and Lyell

Back 24

uniformaitism-earth is old and gradual processes shaped it

Front 25

Malthus

Back 25

individuals struggle because not enough resources, poor die

Front 26

Alleles

Back 26

variant of a gene

Front 27

Gametes

Back 27

haploid

Front 28

Heterozygous

Back 28

different copies of each gene (Aa)

Front 29

Homozygous

Back 29

same copies of a gene (GG, gg)

Front 30

Dominant

Back 30

trait that would be expressed

Front 31

Recessive

Back 31

trait masked by the dominant

Front 32

Co-dominance

Back 32

both alleles are expressed

Front 33

Qualitative Traits

Back 33

traits that are expressed in a small number of categories

Front 34

Quantitative Traits

Back 34

traits are continuously distributed

Front 35

Directional Selection

Back 35

selection toward on extreme

Front 36

Stabilizing Selection

Back 36

selection against both extremes

Front 37

Disruptive Selection

Back 37

selection against mean

Front 38

Balancing Selection

Back 38

one way of having it is negative frequency dependent selection (fitness of genotype decreases as that genotype becomes more common) or heterozygous advantage (selection that favors the heterozygote)

Front 39

Intersexual Selection

Back 39

mate choice, one sex chooses to mate based on characters of members of the opposite sex

Front 40

Intrasexual Selection

Back 40

members of the same sex directly compete with each other for the opportunity to mate

Front 41

Mutation

Back 41

random changes in DNA

Front 42

Drift

Back 42

generally in small population sizes-random deviations in genetic composition

Front 43

Migration

Back 43

individuals move from one population to another

Front 44

Hardy Weinburg Equilibrium

Back 44

in the absence of five factors operation (drift, migration, mutation, etc.) gene frequencies remain the same

Front 45

Allopatric Speciation

Back 45

speciation accumulation of differences over sufficient time period that can lead to new species

Front 46

Adaptive Radiation

Back 46

single species rapidly evolves into a wide array of species

Front 47

Ring Species

Back 47

a connected series of populations that can interbreed with adjacent populations, but there exists at least two "end" populations that are too distantly related to breed

Front 48

Sympathric Speciation

Back 48

speciation within the same range (no geographical barriers)