Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is Anatomy?
|
the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
|
|
|
What is Physiology?
|
the study of the function of the body's structural machinery
|
|
|
What is Cytology?
|
study of the cell
|
|
|
What is Histology?
|
study of tissues
|
|
|
What is the Principle of Complementarity?
|
-function always reflects structure
-what a structure can do depends on its specific form |
We have structures designed a certain way so they can function a certain way.
|
|
What are the 6 levels of Structural Organization?
|
Chemical
Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organismal (Organism) |
CCTOOO
|
|
Describe the Chemical Level of Structural Organization:
|
when atoms combine to form molecules
|
1st level of Structural Organization.
|
|
Describe the Cellular Level of Structural Organization:
|
when cells are made of molecules
|
2nd level of Structural Organization.
|
|
Describe the Tissue Level of Structural Organization:
|
consists of similar types of cells
|
3rd level of Structural Organization.
|
|
Describe the Organ Level of Structural Organization:
|
-made up of different types of tissues.
i.e.: connective tissue and smoothe muscle tissue |
4th level of Structural Organization.
|
|
Describe the Organ System Level of Structural Organization?
|
-consists of different organs that work closely together.
-i.e. cardiovascular system, nervous system, etc. |
5th level of Structural Organization.
|
|
Describe the Organismal (Organism) Level of Structural Organization?
|
-made up of the organ systems
-i.e. human |
6th level of Structural Organization.
|
|
-forms the external body covering
-composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails |
Integumentary System
|
-Protects deep tissues from injury
-Synthesizes Vitamin D |
|
-Protects deep tissues from injury
-Synthesizes Vitamin D |
Integumentary System
|
-forms the external body covering
-composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails |
|
Site of blood cell formation
|
Skeletal System
|
joints and bones
|
|
stores minerals
|
Skeletal System
|
joints and bones
|
|
-composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
-protects and supports body organs provides the framework for muscles |
Skeletal System
|
joints and bones
|
|
Composed of muscles and tendons
|
Muscular System
|
Allows for movement
|
|
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
|
Muscular System
|
Maintains Posture: fights gravity
|
|
Produces heat
|
Muscular System
|
Muscles move skeletal system to shiver and produce heat.
Heart muscle moves to pump blood |
|
Composed of the brain, spinal-cord/column, and nerves
|
Nervous System
|
Is the fast-acting control system of the body
|
|
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
|
Nervous System
|
touch a hot stove, signals brain to activate muscles to move skeleton and move hand from stove.
|
|
Composed of the heart and blood vessels
|
Cardiovascular System
|
-the heart pumps blood and is part of the _______ System.
Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body |
|
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen,
|
Lymphatic System
|
Composed of lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
|
|
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
|
Lymphatic System
|
sewer system for the blood.
|
|
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
|
Lymphatic System
|
-keeps blood clean
|
|
houses white blood cells involved with immunity
|
Lymphatic System
|
composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
|
|
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
|
Respiratory System
|
Compossed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
|
|
Compossed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
|
Respiratory System
|
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
|
|
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
|
Digestive System
|
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
|
|
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
|
Digestive System
|
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
|
|
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
|
Urniary System
|
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urniary bladder, and urethra
|
|
Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
|
Urinary System
|
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urniary bladder, and urethra
|
|
Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
|
Male Reproductive System
|
Main function is the production of offspring
|
|
What do the testes do?
What system are they a part of? |
Male Reproductive System
|
produce sperm and male sex hormones
|
|
By what system and how is sperm delivered to the female?
|
Male Reproductive System
|
Ducts and Glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract.
|
|
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
|
Female Reproductive System
|
System's main function is the production of offspring
|
|
What system and organ produces eggs and female sex hormones
|
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries |
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
|
|
What system includes mammary glands?
|
Female Reproductive System
|
Which glands produce milk to nourish the newborn?
|
|
What are the 8 necessary Life Functions?
|
1. Maintaining boundaries
2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth |
|
|
How does the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment?
|
Necessary Life Function:
Maintaining Boundaries |
Cellular level: accomplished by plasma membranes
Organismal level: accomplished by skin |
|
What Necessary Life Function allows for the body to do the following: locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility.
|
Necessary Life Function:
Movement |
peristalsis, and walking are examples which Necessary Life Function?
|
|
What Necessary Life Function allows us the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them?
|
Necessary Life Function:
Responsiveness |
touching something hot and pulling away
|
|
What Necessary Life Function creats the breakdown of ingested foodstuffs?
|
Necessary Life Function:
Digestion |
eating
|
|
What Necessary Life Function controls all the chemical reactions that occur in the body?
|
Necessary Life Function:
Metabolism |
_______ is everything it takes to have action in the body.
|
|
What Necessary Life Function removes waste from the body?
|
Necessary Life Function:
Excretion |
feces is part of which Necessary Life Function
|
|
What Necessary Life Function allows for creation?
|
Necessary Life Function:
Reproduction |
-Cellular: an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells.
-Organisman: sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person. |
|
What Necessary Life Function allows for the increase in size of a body part or of the organism?
|
Necessary Life Function:
Growth |
from infant to child to adults
child's skeletal system's # of bones decreases as child ages due to _____________. |
|
What are the 5 Survival Needs of an organism?
|
1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Normal body temperature 5. Atmospheric pressure |
What are the 5 Survival Needs of any organism?
|
|
This Survival Need is required for energy and cell building.
|
Survival Need of an Organism: Nutrients
|
______ build cells and are required for energy.
|
|
This Survival Need is necessary for metabolic reactions.
|
Survival Need of an Organism: Oxygen
|
_____is necessary for metabolic reactions.
|
|
This Survival Need provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions.
|
Survival Need of an Organism: Water
|
_____is required for chemical reactions.
|
|
This Survival Need is necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates.
|
Survival Need of an Organism: Normal Body Temperature
|
____ ___ ____is necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates.
|
|
This Survival Need is required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.
|
Survival Need of an Organism: Atmospheric Pressure
|
____ _____ is required for gas exchange in the lungs and proper breathing.
|
|
When the body is trying to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world, this is called _______.
|
Homeostasis
|
The internal environment of the body is in a DYNAMIC state of equilibrium.
Body is constantly in a state of _______________. |
|
i.e. Blood Calcium falls withiin a range. The body uses ________ to maintain this range.
|
Homeostasis
|
i.e. Normal pH for the body falls withiin a range of 7.35 and 7.45. The body uses ________ to maintain this range.
|
|
What are Homeostatic Control Mechanisms?
|
Variables that produce a change in the body
|
Variables often caused by the environment can be referred to as __________ ________ __________.
|
|
What are the three interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanisms?
|
1. Receptor
2. Control Center 3. Effector |
i.e. go outside and it is hot, your body will sweat.
i.e. go outside and it is cold, your body will shiver. |
|
Which interdependent component of homeostatic control mechanism monitors the environments and responds to changes?
|
Receptor (sensor)
|
Stimulus: Produces change in variable.
Change detected by _______. |
|
Which interdependent component of homeostatic control mechanism determines the set point at which the variable is maintained?
|
Control Center
|
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to _______ ______.
|
|
Which interdependent component of homeostatic control mechanism provides the means to respond to stimuli?
|
Effector (response)
|
Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to _______.
Response of ________ feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis. |
|
What is Negative Feedback?
|
the output shuts OFF the original stimulus
= STOP-Achieved Homeostasis |
i.e. Regulation of room temperature
i.e. go outside and it is hot, your body will sweat. i.e. go outside and it is cold, your body will shiver. i.e.: endocrine system maintaining blood volume by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prompting kidneys to reabsorb more water and return it to the bloodstream. |
|
What is Negative Feedback example of Regulation of room temperature:?
|
-Stimulus: rising room temperature (imbalance).
-Receptor - sensor: thermometer in thermostat is at set point of 68 degrees. -Control Center (thermostat) changes to 70 degrees. (signal wire turns heater off. stimulus dropping room temperature. -Effector (off) STOP |
Most homeostatic feedbac mechanisms are _____negative feedback mechanisms.
|
|
What is Positive Feedback?
|
-the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
-start at step A and go to step Z STOP. Cannot go past step Z and cannot reverse. Cycle is done! |
i.e. Regulation of blood clotting is an example of _____ feedback.
Break or tear in blood vessel wall: 1. _______Feedback Cycle Initiated. 2. Clotting occurs as platelets adhere to site and release chemicals. 3. Released chemicals attract more platelets. 4. Clotting proceeds: newly forming clot grows. FEEDBACK CYCLE ENDS AFTER CLOT SEALS BREAK. |
|
Normal Childbirth is an example a _______ Feedback System.
|
Positive Feedback System
|
-uterine contractions force the fetus into the cervix, thus stretching the cervix
-stretch-sensitive receptors in cervix send impulse to the brain -oxytocin is released into the blood -contractions are enhanced (more forceful) pushing the fetus farther down the uterus, which stretches cervix more -cycle continues to the birth of the baby (no stretching). END. |
|
What is the study of occurrence of diseases and transmission of diseases in a community?
|
Epidemiology
|
_______ is an area of science regarding Homeostatic Imbalances looking at the occurence and transmission of diseases in a community.
|
|
What is the study of effects and uses of drugs for the treatment of disease?
|
Pharmacology
|
_______ is an area of science regarding Homeostatic Imbalances looking at the effects and uses of drugs for treatment of disease.
|
|
What is the Anatomical Position?
|
1. Body Erect
2. Feet slightly apart 3. Palms facing forward 4. Thumbs point away from body. |
In the anatomical position the thumbs point _____ from the body.
|
|
In the Anatomical position, the palms face _____.
|
forward
|
Palms facing _____
|
|
When a body is lying face down, it is in the "____" position.
|
prone
|
"_____ on the pubic bone"
|
|
When a body is lying face up, it is in the "______" position.
|
supine
|
"______ of the spine"
|
|
When describing the body in a reclining position, it is either _____ or ______.
|
prone or supine
|
A reclined body position is either _____ or _____.
|
|
When describing the position of one body part relative to another body part, we use
|
Directional Terms
|
-Group in pairs with opposite meaning
-Examples of ___________ _____ are "Anterior" and "Posterior" |
|
Directional Terms help us to
|
describe the position of one body part relative to another body part.
|
Using ___________ _____makes sense when used to describe the position of one structure relative to another.
-the esophagus is posterior to the trachea. -the knee is superior to the ankle. |
|
Nearer to the front of the body
|
Anterior (Ventral)
|
opposite of Posterior (Dorsal)
|
|
Nearer to the back of the body.
|
Posterior (Dorsal)
|
-backside
-opposite of Anterior (Ventral) |
|
Toward the head
|
Superior
|
Opposite of Inferior
i.e. the heart is _____ to the liver. |
|
Away from the head
|
Inferior
|
Opposite of Superior
i.e. the stomach is ________ to the lungs. |
|
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
|
Proximal
|
Opposite of Distal
i.e. the humerus is ________ to the radius. |
|
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
|
Distal
|
Opposite of Proximal
i.e. the phalanges are ______ to the carpals. |
|
Farther from the midline
|
Lateral
|
Opposite of Medial
i.e. the lungs are _______ to the heart. |
|
Nearer to the midline
|
Medial
|
Opposite of Lateral
i.e. the ulna is ______ to the radius. |
|
On the same side of the body as another structure
|
Ipsilateral
|
Opposite of Contralateral.
i.e. The gallbladder and ascending colon are ___________. |
|
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
|
Contralateral
|
Opposite of Ipsilateral
i.e. The ascending and descending colons are _____________. |
|
Away from the surface of the body
|
Deep
|
Opposite of Superficial
i.e. The ribs are ____ to the skin of the chest and back. |
|
Toward or on the surface of the body.
|
Superficial
|
Opposite of Deep.
i.e. The ribs are ___________ to the lungs. |
|
Body Plane that divides the body into right and left parts
|
Sagittal
|
body plane can run through the midline or be to the right or left of the midline.
|
|
Sagittal plane that lies on the midline
|
Midsagittal or Medial Plane
|
Sagittal plan that lies on the midline
|
|
Sagittal plane that does not lie on the midline.
|
Parasagittal Plane
|
Any sagittal plane other than midsagittal = sagittal.
|
|
Body Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
|
Frontol or coronal Plane
|
The _____ Plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
i.e. The sternum is anterior to the heart. i.e. The esophagus is posterior to the trachea. |
|
Body Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
|
Transverse or horizontal (cross section)
|
The ______ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
i.e. The heart is superior to the liver. i.e. the stomach is inferior to the lungs. |
|
The Body Plane that cuts diagonally
|
Oblique section
|
this plane is rarely used.
|
|
What is the Principle of Complementarity?
|
We have structures designed a certain way so they can function a certain way.
|
|
|
What is the acronym for the 6 levels of Structural Organization?
|
CCTOOO
|
|
|
-Protects deep tissues from injury -Synthesizes Vitamin D
|
Integumentary System
|
|
|
-forms the external body covering -composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
|
Integumentary System
|
|
|
Joints and bones are a part of the _____ System.
|
Skeletal
|
|
|
Allows for movement
|
Muscular System
|
|
|
Maintains Posture: fights gravity
|
Muscular System
|
|
|
Moves skeletal system to shiver and produce heat. Heart muscle moves to pump blood
|
Muscular System
|
|
|
Is the fast-acting control system of the body
|
Nervous System
|
|
|
The _____ system is the first to respond when you touch a hot stove, signaling the brain to activate muscles to move skeleton and move hand from stove.
|
Nervous
|
|
|
-the heart pumps blood and is part of the _______ System. Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
|
Cardiovascular System
|
|
|
Composed of lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
|
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System |
|
|
sewer system for the blood.
|
Lymphatic System
|
|
|
sewer system for the blood.
|
Lymphatic System
|
|
|
composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
|
Lymphatic System
|
|
|
Compossed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
|
Respiratory System
|
|
|
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
|
Respiratory System
|
|
|
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
|
Digestive System
|
|
|
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
|
Digestive System
|
|
|
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urniary bladder, and urethra
|
Urinary System
|
|
|
Main function is the production of offspring
|
Male Reproductive System
|
|
|
produce sperm and male sex hormones
|
Male Reproductive System
|
|
|
Ducts and Glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract.
|
Male Reproductive System
|
|
|
System's main function is the production of offspring
|
Female Reproductive System
|
|
|
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
|
Female Reproductive System
|
|
|
Which glands produce milk to nourish the newborn?
|
Female Reproductive System
|
|
|
What are Cellular Level and Organismal level examples of the Necessary Life Function: Maintaining Boundaries?
|
Cellular level: accomplished by plasma membranes Organismal level: accomplished by skin
|
|
|
peristalsis, and walking are examples which Necessary Life Function?
|
Necessary Life Function: Movement
|
|
|
What is an example of the Necessary Life Function: Responsiveness
|
touching something hot and pulling away
|
|
|
Give an example of the Necessary Life Function: Digestion
|
eating
|
|
|
_______ is everything it takes to have action in the body.
|
Metabolism
Metabolism is a Necessary Life Function. |
|
|
feces is part of which Necessary Life Function
|
Necessary Life Function: Excretion
|
|
|
from infant to child to adults child's skeletal system's # of bones decreases as child ages due to _____________.
|
Necessary Life Function: Growth
|
|
|
What are the 5 Survival Needs of any organism?
|
1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Normal body temperature 5. Atmospheric pressure |
|
|
______ build cells and are required for energy.
|
Survival Need of an Organism: Nutrients
|
|
|
_____is necessary for metabolic reactions.
|
Survival Need of an Organism: Oxygen
|
|
|
_____is required for chemical reactions.
|
Survival Need of an Organism: Water
|
|
|
____ _____ is required for gas exchange in the lungs and proper breathing.
|
Survival Need of an Organism: Atmospheric Pressure
|
|
|
The internal environment of the body is in a DYNAMIC state of equilibrium. Body is constantly in a state of _______________.
|
Homeostasis
|
|
|
i.e. Normal pH for the body falls withiin a range of 7.35 and 7.45. The body uses ________ to maintain this range.
|
Homeostasis
|
|
|
Variables often caused by the environment can be referred to as __________ ________ __________.
|
What are Homeostatic Control Mechanisms?
|
|
|
What is an example of the homeostatic control mechanism?
|
i.e. go outside and it is hot, your body will sweat. i.e. go outside and it is cold, your body will shiver.
|
|
|
During the homeostatic control mechanism process, the Stimulus: Produces change in variable. Change is detected by the _______.
|
Receptor (sensor)
|
|
|
During the homeostatic control mechanism process, the Receptor provides input sending information along the afferent pathway to the ________ _______.
|
Control Center
|
|
|
The Control Center produces Output sending information along the efferent pathway to the _______.
|
Effector (response)
|
|
|
During the homeostatic control mechanism process, the response of the ________ feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis.
|
Effector (response)
|
|
|
Give an example of Negative Feedback.
|
i.e. Regulation of room temperature i.e. go outside and it is hot, your body will sweat. i.e. go outside and it is cold, your body will shiver. i.e.: endocrine system maintaining blood volume by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prompting kidneys to reabsorb more water and return it to the bloodstream.
|
|
|
Give an example of Positive Feedback
|
i.e. Regulation of blood clotting. Break or tear in blood vessel wall: 1. Positive Feedback Cycle Initiated. 2. Clotting occurs as platelets adhere to site and release chemicals. 3. Released chemicals attract more platelets. 4. Clotting proceeds: newly forming clot grows. FEEDBACK CYCLE ENDS AFTER CLOT SEALS BREAK.
|
|
|
Which type of feedback system is normal childbirth an example of?
|
Positive Feedback
|
|
|
_______ is an area of science regarding Homeostatic Imbalances looking at the occurence and transmission of diseases in a community.
|
Epidemiology
|
|
|
_______ is an area of science regarding Homeostatic Imbalances looking at the effects and uses of drugs for treatment of disease.
|
Pharmacology
|
|
|
In the anatomical position the thumbs point _____ from the body.
|
away
|
|
|
When a body is lying face down, it is in the "____ on the pubic bone".
|
prone
|
|
|
When a body is lying face up, it is
"______ of the spine" |
supine
|
|
|
A reclined body position is either _____ or _____.
|
prone or supine
|
|
|
Examples of ___________ _____ are "Anterior" and "Posterior" (grouping in pairs with opposite meaning)
|
Directional Terms
|
|
|
opposite of Posterior (Dorsal)
|
Anterior (Ventral)
|
|
|
-backside -opposite of Anterior (Ventral)
|
Posterior (Dorsal)
|
|
|
Opposite of Inferior i.e. the heart is _____ to the liver.
|
Superior
|
|
|
Opposite of Superior i.e. the stomach is ________ to the lungs.
|
Inferior
|
|
|
Opposite of Distal i.e. the humerus is ________ to the radius.
|
Proximal
|
|
|
Opposite of Proximal i.e. the phalanges are ______ to the carpals.
|
Distal
|
|
|
Opposite of Medial i.e. the lungs are _______ to the heart.
|
Lateral
|
|
|
Opposite of Contralateral. i.e. The gallbladder and ascending colon are ___________.
|
Medial
|
|
|
Opposite of Ipsilateral i.e. The ascending and descending colons are _____________.
|
Ipsilateral
|
|
|
Opposite of Ipsilateral i.e. The ascending and descending colons are _____________.
|
Contralateral
|
|
|
Opposite of Superficial i.e. The ribs are ____ to the skin of the chest and back.
|
Deep
|
|
|
Opposite of Deep. i.e. The ribs are ___________ to the lungs.
|
Superficial
|
|
|
body plane can run through the midline or be to the right or left of the midline.
|
Saggital
|
|
|
Sagittal plan that lies on the midline
|
Midsagittal or Medial
|
|
|
Any sagittal plane other than midsagittal = sagittal.
|
Parasagittal Plane
|
|
|
The _____ Plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. i.e. The sternum is anterior to the heart. i.e. The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.
|
Frontol or coronal Plane
|
|
|
The ______ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts. i.e. The heart is superior to the liver. i.e. the stomach is inferior to the lungs.
|
Transverse or horizontal (cross section)
|
|
|
this plane is rarely used.
|
Oblique section
|
|