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166 Cards in this Set

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What is Anatomy?
the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
What is Physiology?
the study of the function of the body's structural machinery
What is Cytology?
study of the cell
What is Histology?
study of tissues
What is the Principle of Complementarity?
-function always reflects structure
-what a structure can do depends on its specific form
We have structures designed a certain way so they can function a certain way.
What are the 6 levels of Structural Organization?
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organismal (Organism)
CCTOOO
Describe the Chemical Level of Structural Organization:
when atoms combine to form molecules
1st level of Structural Organization.
Describe the Cellular Level of Structural Organization:
when cells are made of molecules
2nd level of Structural Organization.
Describe the Tissue Level of Structural Organization:
consists of similar types of cells
3rd level of Structural Organization.
Describe the Organ Level of Structural Organization:
-made up of different types of tissues.
i.e.: connective tissue and smoothe muscle tissue
4th level of Structural Organization.
Describe the Organ System Level of Structural Organization?
-consists of different organs that work closely together.
-i.e. cardiovascular system, nervous system, etc.
5th level of Structural Organization.
Describe the Organismal (Organism) Level of Structural Organization?
-made up of the organ systems
-i.e. human
6th level of Structural Organization.
-forms the external body covering
-composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Integumentary System
-Protects deep tissues from injury
-Synthesizes Vitamin D
-Protects deep tissues from injury
-Synthesizes Vitamin D
Integumentary System
-forms the external body covering
-composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Site of blood cell formation
Skeletal System
joints and bones
stores minerals
Skeletal System
joints and bones
-composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
-protects and supports body organs
provides the framework for muscles
Skeletal System
joints and bones
Composed of muscles and tendons
Muscular System
Allows for movement
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
Muscular System
Maintains Posture: fights gravity
Produces heat
Muscular System
Muscles move skeletal system to shiver and produce heat.
Heart muscle moves to pump blood
Composed of the brain, spinal-cord/column, and nerves
Nervous System
Is the fast-acting control system of the body
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
Nervous System
touch a hot stove, signals brain to activate muscles to move skeleton and move hand from stove.
Composed of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular System
-the heart pumps blood and is part of the _______ System.
Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen,
Lymphatic System
Composed of lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Lymphatic System
sewer system for the blood.
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Lymphatic System
-keeps blood clean
houses white blood cells involved with immunity
Lymphatic System
composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
Compossed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Compossed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
Digestive System
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Urniary System
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urniary bladder, and urethra
Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
Urinary System
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urniary bladder, and urethra
Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
Male Reproductive System
Main function is the production of offspring
What do the testes do?
What system are they a part of?
Male Reproductive System
produce sperm and male sex hormones
By what system and how is sperm delivered to the female?
Male Reproductive System
Ducts and Glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Female Reproductive System
System's main function is the production of offspring
What system and organ produces eggs and female sex hormones
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
What system includes mammary glands?
Female Reproductive System
Which glands produce milk to nourish the newborn?
What are the 8 necessary Life Functions?
1. Maintaining boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth
How does the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment?
Necessary Life Function:
Maintaining Boundaries
Cellular level: accomplished by plasma membranes
Organismal level: accomplished by skin
What Necessary Life Function allows for the body to do the following: locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility.
Necessary Life Function:
Movement
peristalsis, and walking are examples which Necessary Life Function?
What Necessary Life Function allows us the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them?
Necessary Life Function:
Responsiveness
touching something hot and pulling away
What Necessary Life Function creats the breakdown of ingested foodstuffs?
Necessary Life Function:
Digestion
eating
What Necessary Life Function controls all the chemical reactions that occur in the body?
Necessary Life Function:
Metabolism
_______ is everything it takes to have action in the body.
What Necessary Life Function removes waste from the body?
Necessary Life Function:
Excretion
feces is part of which Necessary Life Function
What Necessary Life Function allows for creation?
Necessary Life Function:
Reproduction
-Cellular: an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells.
-Organisman: sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person.
What Necessary Life Function allows for the increase in size of a body part or of the organism?
Necessary Life Function:
Growth
from infant to child to adults
child's skeletal system's # of bones decreases as child ages due to _____________.
What are the 5 Survival Needs of an organism?
1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Normal body temperature
5. Atmospheric pressure
What are the 5 Survival Needs of any organism?
This Survival Need is required for energy and cell building.
Survival Need of an Organism: Nutrients
______ build cells and are required for energy.
This Survival Need is necessary for metabolic reactions.
Survival Need of an Organism: Oxygen
_____is necessary for metabolic reactions.
This Survival Need provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions.
Survival Need of an Organism: Water
_____is required for chemical reactions.
This Survival Need is necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates.
Survival Need of an Organism: Normal Body Temperature
____ ___ ____is necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates.
This Survival Need is required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.
Survival Need of an Organism: Atmospheric Pressure
____ _____ is required for gas exchange in the lungs and proper breathing.
When the body is trying to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world, this is called _______.
Homeostasis
The internal environment of the body is in a DYNAMIC state of equilibrium.
Body is constantly in a state of _______________.
i.e. Blood Calcium falls withiin a range. The body uses ________ to maintain this range.
Homeostasis
i.e. Normal pH for the body falls withiin a range of 7.35 and 7.45. The body uses ________ to maintain this range.
What are Homeostatic Control Mechanisms?
Variables that produce a change in the body
Variables often caused by the environment can be referred to as __________ ________ __________.
What are the three interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanisms?
1. Receptor
2. Control Center
3. Effector
i.e. go outside and it is hot, your body will sweat.
i.e. go outside and it is cold, your body will shiver.
Which interdependent component of homeostatic control mechanism monitors the environments and responds to changes?
Receptor (sensor)
Stimulus: Produces change in variable.
Change detected by _______.
Which interdependent component of homeostatic control mechanism determines the set point at which the variable is maintained?
Control Center
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to _______ ______.
Which interdependent component of homeostatic control mechanism provides the means to respond to stimuli?
Effector (response)
Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to _______.
Response of ________ feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis.
What is Negative Feedback?
the output shuts OFF the original stimulus
= STOP-Achieved Homeostasis
i.e. Regulation of room temperature
i.e. go outside and it is hot, your body will sweat.
i.e. go outside and it is cold, your body will shiver.
i.e.: endocrine system maintaining blood volume by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prompting kidneys to reabsorb more water and return it to the bloodstream.
What is Negative Feedback example of Regulation of room temperature:?
-Stimulus: rising room temperature (imbalance).
-Receptor - sensor: thermometer in thermostat is at set point of 68 degrees.
-Control Center (thermostat) changes to 70 degrees. (signal wire turns heater off. stimulus dropping room temperature.
-Effector (off) STOP
Most homeostatic feedbac mechanisms are _____negative feedback mechanisms.
What is Positive Feedback?
-the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
-start at step A and go to step Z STOP. Cannot go past step Z and cannot reverse. Cycle is done!
i.e. Regulation of blood clotting is an example of _____ feedback.
Break or tear in blood vessel wall:
1. _______Feedback Cycle Initiated.
2. Clotting occurs as platelets adhere to site and release chemicals.
3. Released chemicals attract more platelets.
4. Clotting proceeds: newly forming clot grows.
FEEDBACK CYCLE ENDS AFTER CLOT SEALS BREAK.
Normal Childbirth is an example a _______ Feedback System.
Positive Feedback System
-uterine contractions force the fetus into the cervix, thus stretching the cervix
-stretch-sensitive receptors in cervix send impulse to the brain
-oxytocin is released into the blood
-contractions are enhanced (more forceful) pushing the fetus farther down the uterus, which stretches cervix more
-cycle continues to the birth of the baby (no stretching). END.
What is the study of occurrence of diseases and transmission of diseases in a community?
Epidemiology
_______ is an area of science regarding Homeostatic Imbalances looking at the occurence and transmission of diseases in a community.
What is the study of effects and uses of drugs for the treatment of disease?
Pharmacology
_______ is an area of science regarding Homeostatic Imbalances looking at the effects and uses of drugs for treatment of disease.
What is the Anatomical Position?
1. Body Erect
2. Feet slightly apart
3. Palms facing forward
4. Thumbs point away from body.
In the anatomical position the thumbs point _____ from the body.
In the Anatomical position, the palms face _____.
forward
Palms facing _____
When a body is lying face down, it is in the "____" position.
prone
"_____ on the pubic bone"
When a body is lying face up, it is in the "______" position.
supine
"______ of the spine"
When describing the body in a reclining position, it is either _____ or ______.
prone or supine
A reclined body position is either _____ or _____.
When describing the position of one body part relative to another body part, we use
Directional Terms
-Group in pairs with opposite meaning
-Examples of ___________ _____ are "Anterior" and "Posterior"
Directional Terms help us to
describe the position of one body part relative to another body part.
Using ___________ _____makes sense when used to describe the position of one structure relative to another.
-the esophagus is posterior to the trachea.
-the knee is superior to the ankle.
Nearer to the front of the body
Anterior (Ventral)
opposite of Posterior (Dorsal)
Nearer to the back of the body.
Posterior (Dorsal)
-backside
-opposite of Anterior (Ventral)
Toward the head
Superior
Opposite of Inferior
i.e. the heart is _____ to the liver.
Away from the head
Inferior
Opposite of Superior
i.e. the stomach is ________ to the lungs.
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Proximal
Opposite of Distal
i.e. the humerus is ________ to the radius.
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Distal
Opposite of Proximal
i.e. the phalanges are ______ to the carpals.
Farther from the midline
Lateral
Opposite of Medial
i.e. the lungs are _______ to the heart.
Nearer to the midline
Medial
Opposite of Lateral
i.e. the ulna is ______ to the radius.
On the same side of the body as another structure
Ipsilateral
Opposite of Contralateral.
i.e. The gallbladder and ascending colon are ___________.
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
Contralateral
Opposite of Ipsilateral
i.e. The ascending and descending colons are _____________.
Away from the surface of the body
Deep
Opposite of Superficial
i.e. The ribs are ____ to the skin of the chest and back.
Toward or on the surface of the body.
Superficial
Opposite of Deep.
i.e. The ribs are ___________ to the lungs.
Body Plane that divides the body into right and left parts
Sagittal
body plane can run through the midline or be to the right or left of the midline.
Sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Midsagittal or Medial Plane
Sagittal plan that lies on the midline
Sagittal plane that does not lie on the midline.
Parasagittal Plane
Any sagittal plane other than midsagittal = sagittal.
Body Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontol or coronal Plane
The _____ Plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
i.e. The sternum is anterior to the heart.
i.e. The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.
Body Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
Transverse or horizontal (cross section)
The ______ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
i.e. The heart is superior to the liver.
i.e. the stomach is inferior to the lungs.
The Body Plane that cuts diagonally
Oblique section
this plane is rarely used.
What is the Principle of Complementarity?
We have structures designed a certain way so they can function a certain way.
What is the acronym for the 6 levels of Structural Organization?
CCTOOO
-Protects deep tissues from injury -Synthesizes Vitamin D
Integumentary System
-forms the external body covering -composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Integumentary System
Joints and bones are a part of the _____ System.
Skeletal
Allows for movement
Muscular System
Maintains Posture: fights gravity
Muscular System
Moves skeletal system to shiver and produce heat. Heart muscle moves to pump blood
Muscular System
Is the fast-acting control system of the body
Nervous System
The _____ system is the first to respond when you touch a hot stove, signaling the brain to activate muscles to move skeleton and move hand from stove.
Nervous
-the heart pumps blood and is part of the _______ System. Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
Cardiovascular System
Composed of lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic System




















Lymphatic System
sewer system for the blood.
Lymphatic System
sewer system for the blood.
Lymphatic System
composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic System
Compossed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
Digestive System
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
Digestive System
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urniary bladder, and urethra
Urinary System
Main function is the production of offspring
Male Reproductive System
produce sperm and male sex hormones
Male Reproductive System
Ducts and Glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Male Reproductive System
System's main function is the production of offspring
Female Reproductive System
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
Female Reproductive System
Which glands produce milk to nourish the newborn?
Female Reproductive System
What are Cellular Level and Organismal level examples of the Necessary Life Function: Maintaining Boundaries?
Cellular level: accomplished by plasma membranes Organismal level: accomplished by skin
peristalsis, and walking are examples which Necessary Life Function?
Necessary Life Function: Movement
What is an example of the Necessary Life Function: Responsiveness
touching something hot and pulling away
Give an example of the Necessary Life Function: Digestion
eating
_______ is everything it takes to have action in the body.
Metabolism

Metabolism is a Necessary Life Function.
feces is part of which Necessary Life Function
Necessary Life Function: Excretion
from infant to child to adults child's skeletal system's # of bones decreases as child ages due to _____________.
Necessary Life Function: Growth
What are the 5 Survival Needs of any organism?
1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Normal body temperature
5. Atmospheric pressure
______ build cells and are required for energy.
Survival Need of an Organism: Nutrients
_____is necessary for metabolic reactions.
Survival Need of an Organism: Oxygen
_____is required for chemical reactions.
Survival Need of an Organism: Water
____ _____ is required for gas exchange in the lungs and proper breathing.
Survival Need of an Organism: Atmospheric Pressure
The internal environment of the body is in a DYNAMIC state of equilibrium. Body is constantly in a state of _______________.
Homeostasis
i.e. Normal pH for the body falls withiin a range of 7.35 and 7.45. The body uses ________ to maintain this range.
Homeostasis
Variables often caused by the environment can be referred to as __________ ________ __________.
What are Homeostatic Control Mechanisms?
What is an example of the homeostatic control mechanism?
i.e. go outside and it is hot, your body will sweat. i.e. go outside and it is cold, your body will shiver.
During the homeostatic control mechanism process, the Stimulus: Produces change in variable. Change is detected by the _______.
Receptor (sensor)
During the homeostatic control mechanism process, the Receptor provides input sending information along the afferent pathway to the ________ _______.
Control Center
The Control Center produces Output sending information along the efferent pathway to the _______.
Effector (response)
During the homeostatic control mechanism process, the response of the ________ feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis.
Effector (response)
Give an example of Negative Feedback.
i.e. Regulation of room temperature i.e. go outside and it is hot, your body will sweat. i.e. go outside and it is cold, your body will shiver. i.e.: endocrine system maintaining blood volume by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prompting kidneys to reabsorb more water and return it to the bloodstream.
Give an example of Positive Feedback
i.e. Regulation of blood clotting. Break or tear in blood vessel wall: 1. Positive Feedback Cycle Initiated. 2. Clotting occurs as platelets adhere to site and release chemicals. 3. Released chemicals attract more platelets. 4. Clotting proceeds: newly forming clot grows. FEEDBACK CYCLE ENDS AFTER CLOT SEALS BREAK.
Which type of feedback system is normal childbirth an example of?
Positive Feedback
_______ is an area of science regarding Homeostatic Imbalances looking at the occurence and transmission of diseases in a community.
Epidemiology
_______ is an area of science regarding Homeostatic Imbalances looking at the effects and uses of drugs for treatment of disease.
Pharmacology
In the anatomical position the thumbs point _____ from the body.
away
When a body is lying face down, it is in the "____ on the pubic bone".
prone
When a body is lying face up, it is
"______ of the spine"
supine
A reclined body position is either _____ or _____.
prone or supine
Examples of ___________ _____ are "Anterior" and "Posterior" (grouping in pairs with opposite meaning)
Directional Terms
opposite of Posterior (Dorsal)
Anterior (Ventral)
-backside -opposite of Anterior (Ventral)
Posterior (Dorsal)
Opposite of Inferior i.e. the heart is _____ to the liver.
Superior
Opposite of Superior i.e. the stomach is ________ to the lungs.
Inferior
Opposite of Distal i.e. the humerus is ________ to the radius.
Proximal
Opposite of Proximal i.e. the phalanges are ______ to the carpals.
Distal
Opposite of Medial i.e. the lungs are _______ to the heart.
Lateral
Opposite of Contralateral. i.e. The gallbladder and ascending colon are ___________.
Medial
Opposite of Ipsilateral i.e. The ascending and descending colons are _____________.
Ipsilateral
Opposite of Ipsilateral i.e. The ascending and descending colons are _____________.
Contralateral
Opposite of Superficial i.e. The ribs are ____ to the skin of the chest and back.
Deep
Opposite of Deep. i.e. The ribs are ___________ to the lungs.
Superficial
body plane can run through the midline or be to the right or left of the midline.
Saggital
Sagittal plan that lies on the midline
Midsagittal or Medial
Any sagittal plane other than midsagittal = sagittal.
Parasagittal Plane
The _____ Plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. i.e. The sternum is anterior to the heart. i.e. The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.
Frontol or coronal Plane
The ______ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts. i.e. The heart is superior to the liver. i.e. the stomach is inferior to the lungs.
Transverse or horizontal (cross section)
this plane is rarely used.
Oblique section