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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Development?
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process of change over a period (conception thru age 6)
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What is Norms?
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-ages and stages, typical behavior, context, principles that tell us about development
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What is Biological Development?
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-physical maturation
-motor skills |
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What is Cognitive Development?
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-thought processes
-language -learning |
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What is Socio/emotional development?
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-social and personal experiences
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Can divide child into what 3 Developmental Stages?
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-Biological Development
-Cognitive Development -Socio/emotional Development |
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What are the 3 Periods of Development?
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-Prenatal= conception to birth
-Infancy= birth to 24 months -Early Childhood= 2 to 6 (NAEYC argues 8yrs.) |
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What are 3 Developmental Issues/Controversies?
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-Nature vs. Nurture= is development inborn of do you learn it over time
-Continuity vs. Discontinuity= development happens continually or in steps/stages -Early or late development is more important |
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What is a theory?
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-a framework that tells you what to look at
-a way of focusing examples: a window, a pair of glasses |
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What are the theories of Child Development?
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-Psychoanalytic
-Cognitive -Behavioral -Ethological -Ecological |
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What is Psychoanalytic theory?
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-Who= Freud and Erikson
-Focus= Emotional and Personality Development -Personality is the tool for meeting needs in socially acceptable way |
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What are the Freudian Stages?
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-Oral
-Anal -Phallic -Latency -Genital |
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What are the Basic Beliefs of the Psychoanalytic Theory?
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-behavior is surface characteristic
-stages- energy is "deposited" in a different erogenous zone in each -task- satisfy that zone's need(in socially acceptable way) |
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What is the Id?
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-all about self
-want what you want when you want it! |
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What is the Ego?
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-realize how things are (reality)
-can't always have what you want -balance of other two |
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What is Superego?
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-right and wrong
-learn rules -observe parents |
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Why the fuss of research?
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-scientific method insures increased validity of conclusions about children
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What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
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- Conceptualize the problem
- Form hypothesis/predict, use theory - Collect info./data -Draw conclusions/analyze data -Revise conclusions and theory |
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What are the Research Designs?
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-Correlational Design
-Experimental Design -Quasi-experimental Design -Cross-sectional Design -Longitudinal-sequential Design -Microgenetic Design |
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What is the Correlational design?
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-researcher gathers information without altering participants' experiences
-Limitations= cannot infer cause and effect |
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What is the Correlational coefficient(r)?
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- number that ranges from 1.00 to -1.00
-the larger the number, regardless of the sign, the stronger the correlation -describes the strength and direction -r of 0 indicates no relationship |
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What is negative correlation?
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-as one variable gets higher, the other gets lower
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What is Experimental design?
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- a true experiment must meet 2 conditions:
-random assignment of participants -manipulated independent variable (permits us to infer cause and effect) -Experimental Group -Control Group |
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What is an Experimental Group?
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-subjects who receive the treatment
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What is the Control Group?
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- receive no treatment or neutral treatment
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What is the Quasi-experimental design?
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-experimental design but random assignment not possible
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What are some factors that limit random assignment when studying children?
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-ethical
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What is Cross-Sectional Design?
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-participants of different ages are studied at the same time
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What is Longitudinal-Sequential Design?
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-both longitudinal and cross-sectional components
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What is Microgenetic Design?
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-change is tracked from the time it begins until it stabilizes, as participants master a new task
-modification of longitudinal approach -useful for studying cognitive development |
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What is Longitudinal Research?
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-participants are studied repeatedly at different ages
-Issues: Cohort effects-children born in one period of time are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions |
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What refers to ethics?
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-Organizations (SRCD) and special groups (Human Subjects Committee) monitor research on humans, especially children
-Research Rights= protect from harm, informed consent (verbal & written) from parents, institutions, children over 7 -Privacy= anonymous, confidential -Knowledge of results -Beneficial treatments |
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What do we look for when evaluating research?
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-clarity
-importance of findings -promotion of new ideas -consistency -replicability -choice of subjects -appropriateness of methods |
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What must a cell do before it divides in two?
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-make an exact copy of its DNA
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How many chromosomes does a normal human cell contain?
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-46, arranged in 23 pairs
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What is formed during Meiosis?
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-the sex cells
-takes years to fulfill |
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When does ovulation occur?
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-in the middle of 28 day menstrual cycle
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What is the largest cell in the human body?
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-the egg (female)
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How do sperm divide?
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-first they divides twice by Mitosis
-then twice by Meiosis |
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What does the term "Ferning" mean?
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-the most fertile time of a woman's cycle
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How soon must egg be fertilized once it reached the fallopian tube?
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-within 24 hours
-time is critical! |
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What does precise moment of conception refer to?
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-the exact moment when 23 duplicate DNA chromosomes of each parent meet
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What is a fertilized egg at 7 weeks called?
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-pre-embryo
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28 days after fertilization....
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-the fertilized egg is the size of a small pea
-contains a small heart |
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By 8 weeks the embryo has become....
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-a fetus
-everything is in place -2 inches long |
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When do spontaneous movements of muscles occur?
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-9 weeks
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When is it first possible to determine the sex of a fetus?
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-at 12 weeks
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When are the genitalia very developed?
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-18 weeks
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When can a fetus begin hearing sounds?
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-24 weeks
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What is the most important sound?
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- mother's voice
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What is the Psychoanalytic Theory according to the book?
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-describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.
-behavior is merely a surface characteristic and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior |
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What is Erikson's psychosocial theory?
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-includes eight stages of human development
-each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced |
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What are Cognitive Theories?
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-they emphasize their conscious thoughts
-Piaget -Vygotsky -information-processing |
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What is Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory?
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-states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through fours stages of cognitive development
-we adapt in two ways: -assimilation=incorporate new info into existing knowledge -accommodation=adjust their knowledge to fir new info and experiences |
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What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?
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- emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
-knowledge is not general from within, but rather constructed through interact9on with other people and objects is culture |
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What is the information-processing theory?
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-emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it
-processes of memory and thinking are central -does not describe development as stagelike |
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What is Behavioral Theories?
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-study only what can be directly observed and measure
-development is observable behavior that can be learned through experience with the environment -Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura |
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What is Pavlov's Classical Conditioning?
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-after a neutral stimulus has been paired with a stimulus that automatically produces a response, that response will be elicited by the previously neutral stimulus on its own
-explains how we develop many involuntary responses -Watson, Albert, and white rat |
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What is Skinner's Operant Conditioning?
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-the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence
-rewards and punishments shape individuals' development |
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What is Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory? (under behavioral)
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-emphasize that behavior, environment, and person/cognition are the key factors in development
-focused on observational learning=people cognitively represent the behavior of others and then sometimes adopt this behavior themselves -Model with arrows show how behavior, person/cognitive, and environment are related reciprocally |
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What is the Ethological theory?
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-stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods
-Lorenz and greylag geese -Bowlby and attachment with caregiver |
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What is the Ecological theory?
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-Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems
-microsystem(individual lives) -mesosystem (connections among micro) -exosystem (experiences in another setting) -macrosystem (culture) -chronosystem (patterning events and transitions over life course; time) |