Bio 2- Exam 2

Front 1

Neutralization

Back 1

blocks viral binding sites; coats bacteria and/or opsonization (neutralized the enemy)

Front 2

Agglutination

Back 2

clumping/ immobilizing

Front 3

Precipitation

Back 3

precipitation of soluble antigens

Front 4

Complex fixation

Back 4

activation of complement-holes

Front 5

Oncogenes

Back 5

mutants of proto-oncogenes (proto-oncogenes initiate the cell cycle stages). Oncogenes are rogue and can promote cancer development

Front 6

Tumor Suppressor Proteins

Back 6

halt or slow the cell cycle

Front 7

P53

Back 7

is produced in response to DNA damage, halts cell cycle activation of other genes, pauses the cell cycle to allow for repair

Front 8

First Line

Back 8

Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers i.e. skin and mucous

Front 9

Second Line

Back 9

phagocytic WBCs, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammatory response

Front 10

Third Line

Back 10

Lymphocytes (B and T) and Antibodies

Front 11

Phagocytes

Back 11

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

Front 12

Neutrophils

Back 12

1st responders
"suicide bombers" through apoptosis
Release granules to kill microbes

Front 13

Macrophages

Back 13

Big eater of waste (usually neutrphil remain)

Front 14

Eosinophil

Back 14

punches holes into larger molecules to break them down

Front 15

Natural Killer Cells

Back 15

lymphocyte subtype, increase phagocyte activity and lyse targets via perforins

Front 16

The Complement System

Back 16

1st Pathway--> Classical pathway (BIG MAC attack where proteins on a bad cell attract macrophages)
2nd Pathway--> alternate (no antibodies)

Front 17

Clotting factors

Back 17

help seal off infection and prevent spread

Front 18

Antigens

Back 18

foreign substance (bacteria, prokaryotes, etc.)

Front 19

Clonal Theory

Back 19

an antigen chooses some B-cell and starts to mass produce antibodies and releasing them into the blood

Front 20

What do mothers pass on through their breast milk and placenta?

Back 20

antibodies

Front 21

Effector Cells

Back 21

short lived (only a few days), Immediate response (Tc,Tb,Bp)

Front 22

Memory Cells

Back 22

live for decades, retain ability to begin dividing on short term

Front 23

Functions of Antibodies

Back 23

1. Neutralization
2. Agglutination
3. Precipitation
4. Complex Fixation

Front 24

Neutralization

Back 24

blocks viral binding site; coats bacteria

Front 25

Agglutination

Back 25

clumping or immobilizing

Front 26

Precipitation

Back 26

precipitation of soluble antigens

Front 27

Complex fixation

Back 27

activation of complement-holes

Front 28

Epitope

Back 28

specific part ("flag") on an antigen that the immune system recognizes

Front 29

Cytokines

Back 29

produced by immune system for communication between immune system cells

Front 30

Chemokines

Back 30

a type of cytokine that attracts other immune system cells to the site of damage

Front 31

Interleukins

Back 31

cytokines between leukocytes (IL-1, IL-2)

Front 32

Histamine

Back 32

causes dilation of capillaries

Front 33

B-cells

Back 33

stop autoimmune diseases and tag things for death

Front 34

Two Humoral Responses

Back 34

T-Independent Antigens or
T-Dependent Antigens

Front 35

T-Independent Antigens

Back 35

proteins on bacterial surfaces directly recognized by B-cells and Immune Memory will not result

Front 36

T-Dependent Antigens

Back 36

• Intracellular Antigens
• Involves many more steps
• Involves Th cells (T-helper cells)
• Results in Immune Memory

Front 37

T-cells

Back 37

bind to a piece of the antigen presented on the surface of an antigen presenting cell

Front 38

Interleukin 1

Back 38

“Lymphocytic activating factor” –cytokine released by macrophages and stimulates Th to produce IL-2

Front 39

Interleukin 2

Back 39

“T-cell growth factor” –produced by Th cells, stimulates: growth and division of Th, T and B to make memory cells, Tc cells to proliferate, NKC to proliferate, Increased phagocytic activity of macrophages

Front 40

Vaccines

Back 40

teach immune system by giving dead (flu) or attenuated (may give symptoms) pathogen to practice on (virus or bacteria)

Front 41

Autoimmune Diseases

Back 41

-Systemic Lupus
-MS
-Rheumatoid Arthritis

Front 42

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Back 42

-HIV/AIDS
-SCID
-Allergies