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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exergonic reaction |
Energy released, negative change in potential. Bonds breaking |
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Cellular respiration reaction |
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 》6 CO2 + 6 H2O |
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Energy of cellular respiration reaction |
-686 kcal/mol |
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Endergonic reaction |
Absorbs energy. Molecules combine to store energy, positive change in potential energy |
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Energy of photosynthesis |
+686 kcal/mol |
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NADH |
Energy carrier in metabolic process |
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3 types of cell work |
Mechanical: cell movement Transport: moving substances through membrane Chemical: endergonic reactions |
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ATP |
Adenosine triphosphate energy for cell Energy is stored in phosphate bonds |
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Hydrolysis of ATP |
Forms adenosine diphosphate 7.3 to 13 kcal/mol energy released |
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Adenosine |
Composed of ribose and adenine |
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Enzymes |
Catalysts in chemical reactions Protein. Regulates metabolic process |
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Activation energy |
Energy required to move from one state to another. Enzymes lower required energy |
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Substrate |
Reactant that binds to an enzyme |
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Sucrose enzyme |
Sucrase |
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Competitive inhibition |
Inhibitor binds to active site denying the substrate |
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Noncompetetive inhibitor |
Inhibitor binds to enzyme in different location altering the shape of the enzyme to deny the substrate |
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Feedback inhibition |
End product inhibits substrate, regulating amount of a substance and rate of reaction |
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Fermentation |
Catabolic process that leads to the partial degradation of sugars in absence of oxygen |
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Cellular respiration |
Uses oxygen to breakdown organic molecules such as glucose, occurs in mitochondria |
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Phosphorylation |
Transfer of terminal phosphate group from atp to substance |
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Electron transport chain |
Protein molecules in mitochondria inner membrane that move electrons down an electronegativity ladder to oxygen |
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NADH energy |
53 kcal/mol |
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3 steps in respiration |
Glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport + oxidative phosphorylation |
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Glycolysis |
Occurs in cytoplasm Breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate 10 steps: 5 investment, 5 payoff Specific enzymes 2 ATP required 4 ATP and 2 NADH produced Net yield: 2 ATP + 2 NADH |
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Krebs cycle |
Degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide Occurs with Oxygen present
1. Pyruvate becomes acetyl CoA Produces CO2 and NADH 8 steps total Each cycle (pyruvate) produces: ATP 3 NADH FADH2 (electron carrier) |
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1 glucose = _ ATP |
38 |
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ATP Synthase |
Creates ATP by recycling ADP and P Located in cristae of mitochondria |
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Chemiosmosis |
Redox reactions in electron transport chain to ATP Synthase |
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10 NADH + 2 FADH2 |
30 ATP + 4 ATP |
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Efficiency of cellular respiration |
40% |
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Alcohol fermentation |
1. Pyruvate becomes acetaldehyde 2. Acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to form ethanol |
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Lactic acid fermentation |
Pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form lactate |
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Fats are digested by |
Glycerol and fatty acids |
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Chloroplasts |
Perform photosynthesis in plant cells |
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Stomata |
O2 exits, CO2 enters |
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Photosynthesis reaction |
6 CO2 + 12 H2O 》C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O |
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2 steps in photosynthesis |
1. Light reactions 2. Calvin cycle |
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Thylakoids |
Part of chloroplast that does light reaction |
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Light reaction |
Produces NADPH and ATP for Calvin cycle Uses water and produces oxygen |
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3 substances that absorb light |
1. Chlorophyll a 2. Chlorophyll b 3. Carotenoids |
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Calvin cycle |
Each cycle adds a carbon to sugar, 6 cycles make a glucose out of 2 G3P
It costs 3 ATP and 2 NADPH per CO2 9 ATP + 6 NADPH = 1 G3P 18 ATP + 12 NADPH = 1 GLUCOSE
1. Carbon fixation Starts with rubisco 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration RuBP
Each cycle |
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C3 plants |
Mesophyll contains chloroplasts |
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C4 plants |
Mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells contain chloroplasts Hot conditions |
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CAM plants |
Close stomata during day, open at night to start C4 metabolism (use CO2) |
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Photorespiration |
Glitch that combines RuBP with O2 and is unproductive |
