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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A student examines a cell that possesses the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, an outer cell membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. It could be a cell from... |
a plant, but not an animal. |
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Mitochondria are found in |
plant and animal cells. |
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share four of the following features. Find the exception. - DNA - proteins - multiple inner compartments - outer cell membrane - ribosomes |
multiple inner compartments |
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What is the endosymbiont theory? |
Eukaryotes acquitted mitochondria and chloroplasts by engulfing prokaryotes. |
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Four of the findings below provide evidence in support of the endosymbiont theory of eukaryote evolution. Find the exception. -double membrane around chloroplast - DNA in mitochondria - DNA in chloroplasts - DNA in nucleus - ribosomes in mitochondria |
DNA in nucleus |
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Prokaryotic cells lack four of the following features. Which feature is found in prokaryotes? - mitochondria - Golgi apparatus - a real nucleus - rough endoplasmic reticulum - phospholipid bilayers |
phospholipid bilayers |
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T/F A healthy human does not house more than a few hundred microbial cells. |
False |
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Which cell feature is found in both plant and animal cells? - chloroplast - cell wall - rough endoplasmic reticulum - large central vacuole |
rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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A cell possesses the following features: enzymes, DNA, ribosome, phospholipid bilayer, energy acquisition and processing. It could be a cell from... |
any kind of organism. |
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A cell that keeps its DNA in a nucleus could be a cell from which of the following groups of organisms? |
fungi and plants |
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Which cell features are found in both animal and plant cells? |
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and outer cell membrane |
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Prokaryotes carry out all of the following functions except ... -active transport of substances across membranes -movement work using motor proteins -ATP formation using energy sources from the environment -ATP formation in chloroplasts -energy-dependent synthesis of large molecules |
ATP formation in chloroplasts |
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The three domains of life are |
Eukarya, Archaea, and bacteria |
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Glycogen is _____. |
a polysaccharide found in animals ~Animals store energy in the form of glycogen. |
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Which of these is a polysaccharide? -lactose, galactose, glucose, cellulose, sucrose |
cellulose ~ Cellulose is a carbohydrate composed of many monomers. |
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From what bonds in a sugar molecule can NO energy be extracted? |
only C-OH bonds |
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Carbohydrates are formed in the process of photosynthesis from the starting materials of |
carbon dioxide and water. |
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Carbohydrates are burned in cellular respiration for the purpose of producing |
energy for the cell. |
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True or false? To calculate how many C, H, and O are in a polysaccharide, one can simply multiply the C, H, and O present in each monomer by the number of monomers contained in the polysaccharide, and then ADD one H2O molecule for every monomer. |
False - SUBTRACT one H20 molecule for every monomer |
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The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a disaccharide linking two glucose molecules via dehydration synthesis? |
C12H22O11 |
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1 glucose + 1 fructose combine to form _______ by ___________. |
sucrose; dehydration synthesis |
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To which sugar are human taste buds most sensitive? |
fructose |
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From the fact that high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) tastes sweeter than regular table sugar, one can conclude that |
the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be higher than that in table sugar. |
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High-fructose corn syrup consists of |
55% fructose and 45% glucose. |
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The sugar transporters in the human gut are best at transporting which two in equal proportion? |
fructose and glucose |
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Which of these is a source of lactose? |
milk |
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Lactose tolerance is highest in human populations |
with a long history of dairy farming over many generations. |
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Glycogen functions in energy storage in... |
animals but not plants
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Starch functions in energy storage in |
plants but not animals
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The polysaccharides used for energy storage should be expected to be _______ to break down. |
easy
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Cellulose functions in |
providing structural support in plant cell walls. |
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Because starch and cellulose have different functions, they |
must have different structures.
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The polysaccharides used for structural support should be expected to be _______ to break down. |
difficult
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Compared to fat, glycogen is mobilized _______ and ________ to become exhausted as an energy source in human metabolism. |
more quickly; is faster |
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The energy content per gram for fats, carbohydrates, and proteins is about how many kcal/gram, respectively? |
9; 4; 4
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Complete the sentence correctly: ATP is produced by... |
producers and by consumers. |
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True or false? If ATPs third phosphate group were more tightly attached, ATP would be an even better energy donor. |
False
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Which of the following is least stable? -sugar, ATP, glucose, AMP, or cellulose |
ATP |
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T/F. Starch and cellulose are both structural components of plant cell walls. |
False Starch : Storage Cellulose : Structure |
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Different Starches: Because it is branched and can be broken down to ________ by multiple enzymes at the same time, _________ is digested more quickly than _________. |
monosaccharides; amylopectin; amylose |
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Two species that harbor microbes capable of breaking down cellulose for energy are |
termites and cows |
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The formula for the sugar ribose is C5H10O5. What would be the formula of a trisaccharide made from three ribose monomers? |
C15H26O13 |
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Which of the following dietary carbohydrates activate genes that promote fat storage most strongly? |
sugars and amylopectin |
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The polysaccharides ________________ occur in plants, while ___________ occur(s) in animals. |
cellulose and amylose; glycogen |
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Where does the Calvin cycle occur? |
In the stroma
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The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. |
water... NADPH |
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Why was Mr. Priestly unable to keep a mouse, sealed in a container together with a plant, alive in his basement?v |
The plant did not get the light needed for photosynthesis. |
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Which of the events listed below is part of the light reactions of photosynthesis? |
ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP. |
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The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the |
thylakoid membranes |
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The oxygen released by photosynthesis is a by-product of which specific reaction? |
extraction of electrons from water molecules |
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The light-driven movement of protons (H+) from the stroma to the inner thylakoid space across the thylakoid membrane occurs from ______ to ______ proton concentration. |
low ; high |
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The movement of protons (H+) through the ATP synthase occurs from ______ to ______ proton concentration. |
high ; low |
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In their FIRST step, the energy of which of the following is used by the chloroplasts light reactions to catapult electrons from low to high potential energy. |
light
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The light reactions convert the high potential energy of energized electrons to the energy stored in |
ATP and NADPH |
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Fill in the blanks: In the model of the hydroelectric dam, water stands for ________, the turbine stands for ________, and the lit-up light bulb stands for _________. |
the protons (H+); the ATP synthase; the ATP produced |
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Where do the reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? |
stroma fluid of the chloroplast |
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Carbon dioxide containing bonds with ________ held electrons is converted to sugar molecules containing bonds with ______ held electrons in the Calvin cycle. |
tightly; loosely |
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What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? |
to synthesize a simple sugar (G3P) from carbon dioxide |
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True or False? If you could track carbon atoms, you would find carbon atoms from CO2 as part of sugar and starch molecules in plant leaves and also as a part of sugar and glycogen molecules in animals. |
True
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T/F The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle. |
True |
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Comparing the photosynthetic light reactions with the Calvin cycle, which CONSUME(S) ATP? |
only the Calvin cycle |
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Comparing the photosynthetic light reactions with the Calvin cycle, which PRODUCE(S) NADPH? |
only the light reactions |
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Comparing the photosynthetic light reactions with the Calvin cycle, which CONSUME(S) glucose? |
neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle |
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The Calvin cycle converts _______ to _______. |
C=O bonds (tight) ; C-H bonds (loose) |
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The glucose made in photosynthesis is used by the plant in three of the following processes. Find the exception. - cellulose synthesis - synthesis of starch as an energy store - to fuel the plants cellular respiration - synthesis of glycogen as an energy store |
synthesis of glycogen as an energy store |
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T/F. While performing photosynthesis during the day, the chloroplasts of a green leaf produce ATP as an energy source for the roots of the plant. |
False |
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Why do plants use the ATP made by ATP synthase to produce sugars? |
because ATP is too unstable to store for more than an instant |
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Four of the five features below present a state of high chemical potential energy in photosynthesis. Find the exception. - glucose - excited electrons - NADPH - ATP - water |
water |
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T/F. A plants green leaves typically have higher rates of photosynthesis compared to respiration because the rate of photosynthesis is higher because leaves dont have mitochondria. |
False |
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Where does glycolysis occur? |
In the cytosol |
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What is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration? |
Oxygen
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Three of the four features below serve as DIRECT sources of high-energy electrons for cellular respiration. Which does not? - food molecules - C-H bonds - sugars - sunlight |
Sunlight |
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T/F. Oxygen is converted to CO2 in mitochondria. |
False |
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T/F. Oxygen for cellular respiration is taken up by the lungs.
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True |
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T/F. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells requiring ATP for cellular work. |
True |
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T/F. Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in mitochondria. |
True |
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T/F. High CO2 levels decrease the oxygen-binding capacity of hemoglobin. |
True |
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Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located in cellular respiration? |
in the mitochondrial inner membranes |
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The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration participates most DIRECTLY in what process? |
accepting electrons at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain |
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In mitochondrial electron transport, water is formed. Where does the oxygen for the formation of water come from? |
molecular oxygen (O2) |
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Where does glycolysis take place? |
cytosolic fluid |
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The energy released by electrons flowing through the mitochondrial electron transport chain is DIRECTLY captured to energize |
the build-up of a proton gradient |
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Which process directly turns the ATP synthase turbine in mitochondria: |
the downhill flow of H+ from the intermembrane space to the matrix. |
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Where does the CO2 released in cellular respiration come from? |
CO2 is what is left over from the carbon chain of glucose after the loss of H (electrons and H+). |
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Humans exhale CO2. Which of the four molecules below could NOT be the dietary source of the carbon converted to CO2 and exhaled by you? A carbon atom in a molecule of... - cellulose, starch, fructose, glucose, or fat |
cellulose |
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Most of the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem is LOST as WHAT in the food chain? |
heat |
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What makes carbohydrates and fats a source of energy? |
Both have a lot of bonds with loosely held electrons. |
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Is the following process fueled by ATP: transport of protons (H+) from low concentration in the mitochondrial matrix to high concentration in the mitochondrial intermembrane space |
No |
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Which molecules can be utilized (directly or after some breakdown) in the cellular respiration pathway to generate ATP energy? |
amino acids, protein, glycerol, fatty acids, glucose, sucrose, starch, and glycogen |
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The uncoupling protein converts the energy provided by ______ to _______. |
glucose; heat |
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True or false? All cells with mitochondria convert the energy of glucose into ATP for cellular work. |
False |
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How does brown fat tissue serve the animal? |
It converts all of the energy of food molecules to heat. |
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Picture a cow eating grass. The majority of the suns energy absorbed by the grass is eventually converted to what form? |
heat in the environment |
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The ultimate energy source for producers is ________ and the final energy-rich product produced in the mitochondria of consumers is ________. |
sunlight; ATP |
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The main final energy-rich product of photosynthesis is ________ and the main energy source obtained by consumers from their food is ________. |
C-H bonds of sugars; C-H bonds of food molecules |
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ATP is produced by -mitochondria? -chloroplasts? -transport proteins in the cell membrane? |
both mitochondria and chloroplasts, but not by transport proteins in the cell membrane. |
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T/F. NADH is used in photosynthesis; NADPH is used in respiration |
False |
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Four of the molecules or states below represent states of high energy (high potential energy or high chemical potential energy). Find the EXCEPTION. - NADH - NADP+ - ATP - sugar - a rock sitting on top of a tall structure |
NADP+ |
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Which of the following 5 molecules is MOST STABLE? - NADPH - ATP - NADH - sugar - carbon dioxide |
carbon dioxide |
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H2O is converted to O2 in__________, while O2 is converted to H2O in ___________. |
the thylakoid membranes; the inner mitochondrial membranes |
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FAST-TWITCH muscle fibers have the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of _________. |
acting quickly; not extracting a lot of energy from glucose |
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The components of which metabolic process are bound to membranes? |
ATP formation by the ATP synthase |
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Cellular respiration harvests the MOST chemical energy in which of the following steps? |
reactions occurring in mitochondria |
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Four of the five reactions below occur in the cytosol. Which does not? - alcohol fermentation - glycolysis - use of ATP for mechanical work - the Calvin cycle - lactic acid fermentation |
the Calvin cycle |
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The direct reaction of oxygen (O2) with what releases energy that can be used for ATP formation? |
only electrons (plus H+) at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain |
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Where in a plant is ATP synthase (that converts ADP to ATP) located? |
only on the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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In mitochondria, protons are moved by the mitochondrial electron transport chain against their concentration gradient from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, protons are moved by the photosynthetic electron transport chain against their concentration gradient from |
the stroma to the inner thylakoid space. |
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What BEST describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? |
Photosynthesis stores energy in energy-rich, carbon-based molecules, while respiration releases energy from energy-rich, carbon-based molecules. |
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Where are electron transport chains found in plant cells? |
in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and in the inner membranes of mitochondria |
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Synthesis of ATP by the ATP synthase driven by downhill flow of protons (H+) takes place |
in both photosynthesis and respiration, but not during the movement of substances across the outer cell membrane. |
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Formation of water from oxygen occurs |
only in respiration. |
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The accumulation of high concentrations of charged particles (like H+, K+ or Na+) via transport from low to high concentration occurs |
across thylakoid membranes, inner mitochondrial membranes, and the outer cell membrane |
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ALL of the energy is released as HEAT when protons (H+) flow downhill through the |
uncoupling protein in mitochondria. |
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Four of the five substances below can serve as fuel for human cellular respiration. Find the EXCEPTION. - fats - cellulose - amylose - glucose - protein |
cellulose |
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T/F. Rapid plant growth causes sugar build-up in the leaves. |
False |
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Complete the sentence: Plants growing in environments that do not allow rapid plant growth typically |
activate the pathway leading to energy storage in the leaves. |
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Complete the sentence: In response to consumption of high levels of saturated fats and sugars, humans and other mammals |
synthesize more of the enzymes needed for energy storage |
