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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Diploid
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2N, (46) amount in a human, come in 23 pairs.
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Haploid
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1N (23) amount in sperm and eggs.
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mitosis
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cell division primarily related for growth and repair.
Is for simple organisms, daughters are identical to parent cell. PMAT |
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Interphase
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the longest stage, period between actual cell divisions
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G1
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growth stage before DNA replication
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S
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growth and DNA replication
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G2
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growth after DNA replication
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Check points
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internal control, make sure cell is ready for next stage
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apoptosis
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programed cell death
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prophase
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chromosomes become visible
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metaphase
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chromosomes line up at equater
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anaphase
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division of centromere, daughter chromomsomes migrate to poles, cytokinesis starts
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telophase
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rebuilds nuclear envelope, cytokinesis contines tell cell are separate.
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meiosis
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sexual reproduction, nuclear division where chromosome number is halved, 2N to 1n, 46 to 23, same stages as mitosis
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homologous
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they look the same and carry the same traits
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meiosis 1
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chromosome number halved.
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prophase 1
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crossing over occurs
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metaphase 1
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chromosomes aline at equator
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anaphase 1
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homologues separate
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telphase 1
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nuclear envelope reforms.
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kinterkinesis
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similar to interphase in mitosis
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meiosis 11
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chromotids separate to give daughter chromosomes, results in 4 daughter cells.
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oogenesis
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process of producing egg cells
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spermatogenesis
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makeing 4 viable sperm cells
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Gregor Mendal
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1860's autrian monk that did plant breeding experiments.
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mendels law of segregation
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a) each organism contains 2 factors for each trait
b) they segregate during gamete formation and only have one factor |
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monhybrid cross
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one trait cross
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bihybrid cross
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two traits cross
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mendals law of independant assortment
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a) each pair of factors assort independantly of other pairs, all possible combinations can occur in gametes.
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genotype
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the actual alleles
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phenotype
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how the organism looks
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homozygous
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TT or tt
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heterzygous
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Tt
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NF- neurofibromation
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elphant man, large benign tumors
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huntington diease
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brain disorder, middle age, you die
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incomplete dominace
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one allele is not completly dominant over another. ie sickle cell trait. red x white= pink
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codominance
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shared dominance
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polygenic inheritance
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when a trait is controlled by many pairs of alleles
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epistasis
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recessive pair of alleles prevent expression of other alleles. ie albino
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x-linked trait
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more makes than females affected
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polyploidy
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more than 2 chromosomes, 3n 4n 5n
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monosomy
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1n, lethal in animals
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trisomy
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3n, will live but with sydrome
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sydrome
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distinctive set of physical and mental characteristics
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turner sydrome
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XO, monosomy. 1 in 10000 females
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klinefelter sydrome
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XXY, trisomy, 1 in 10000 males
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poly x female
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XXX, trisomy 1 in 1500 females
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Jacobs sydrome
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XYY in in 1000 males.
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deletion
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chromosome breaks off
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duplication
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repeated segment
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inversion
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180 turn around of chromosome
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translocation
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segment moves to another non-homologous chromosome
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requirments of genetic material
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-must be able to store info
-must be able to replicate -must be able to undergo mutations. |
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semiconservative replication
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daughter strand molecules pair with on strand of old molecules. consists of unwinding complementary base pairing. 1/100000 pairs are mismatched and when not fixed it is a mutation.
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prokaryotic replication
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single, circlular loop of dna. can go in both directions. rate of a million bases/min
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eukaryotic replication
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dna replicated at numerous orginins which spred in both directions. slower, 500-5000 bases per min.
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mRNA
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messenger rna, takes the message from dna in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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rRNA
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ribosomal rna, makes up ribosomes where protiens are synthesized,
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tRNA
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transfer rna, transfers the amino acids to the ribosomes, there is at least one trna fro each of the 20 amino acids.
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transcription
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is the process in which mRN
A copies DNA, then mRna moves to the cytoplasm of the cell where it directs the synthesis of proteins. |
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requirments of the genetic code
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degenerate- most amino acids are specified by more than one codon, less liklihood of mutations.
unamgbiguous- each codon has only one meaning. Has a "start" and "stop" signals or codons. |
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Chromatin structure
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the close packing of the chromatin is a way to keep the genes turned off
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transcriptional
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governs which genes are transcribed(copied) and the rate of transcription
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posttranscriptional
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processes RNA to mRNA and controls when it leaves the nucleus
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translational
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involves the life expendency of mRNA, and its ability to bind to the ribosomes
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posttranslational
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additional changes to the gene product before it becomes functional
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gene mutation
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result of a change in nucleotide sequence
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frameshift mutation
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when the sequence is read starting at an incorrect base. the info is totally shifted over
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point mutation
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change of a single nucleotide and thus a single amino acid results and variable.
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silent mutation
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when the nucleotide codes for the same amino acid, and results in no notiable affect
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nonsence mutation
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when a codon for an amino acid is changed to a stop codon, which ends the protein, usually severe effect or is lethal
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missence mutatuion
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when one amino acid is substituted for another, may change properties or what is coded for.
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