• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/281

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

281 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cellular Respiration
Energy in "food" molecules is captured and stored in ATP molecules
All 3 Pathways of Cellular Respiration start with...
Glycolysis
Anaerobic Pathways:
Don't use oxygen. Oxygen kills most anaerobic cells.
Alcohol Fermentation:
Starts and ends with Glycolysis. Occurs in cytoplasm.

A) Does not require oxygen.
B) Produces only 2 ATP molecules
C) Produces CO2 and Ethanol
D) Fungi called yeast use this pathway to ferment beer and bread
Lactate Fermentation:
Starts and ends with Glycolysis. Occurs in cytoplasm.

A) Does not require oxygen
B) Produces only 2 ATP Molecules
C) Produces Lactate or Lactic Acid (Muscle Burn), sometimes CO2
D) Bacteria called Lactobacillus break down Lactose in Milk
Aerobic Pathways:
Using oxygen in cellular respiration
Mitochondria:
Maternally inherited only. Mutations may be in some cells, but not others.
Step 1 (of Aerobic Pathway): Glycolysis:
Occurs in cytoplasm only, no mitochondria needed
What is NADH?
Electron and H+ ion carrier
Step 2 (of Aerobic Pathway): Kreb's Cycle
Occurs in mitochondrion
What is FADH2?
Electron and H+ ion carrier
Step 3 (of Aerobic Pathway): Electron Transport Chain:
- Occurs in mitochondrion.
- Requires Oxygen
If ATP energy can be produced by Glycolysis and Kreb's Cycle, why run the ETC?
Because it yields huge payoff in ATP energy (32 ATP)
Why do we breathe oxygen?
Because it's the final electron acceptor. Without it, the ETC can't run
Where is Metabolic Water produced?
Cytochrome oxidase; At the end of the ETC
Where do Free Oxygen Radicals come from?
Cytochrome oxidase has problems with electrons or hydrogen ions and produces oxygen molecules with unpaired electrons.

- Can damage other molecules, particularly DNA and cell membranes.
Where do Fats and Proteins enter Cellular Respiration?
Enter after glycolysis, at different stages
How does Cyanide kill you?
- Stops Cytochrome Oxidase
- Stops ETC
- Die from lack of ATP
What is Brown Fat and how does it work?
- Special fat cells in which ATP synthase shuts off.
- H+ ions pass through thermogenin
- Do not make ATP; release heat instead
- Found in animals that hibernate and in infants around spine, neck, and shoulders
Bacteria do not have mitochondria so how do they run an ETC?
They have key molecules embedded in their cell membrane.
- The whole bacterium function as a mitochomdrion
Why does Cancer cause people to lose weight?
- Cancer cells grow so fast they lack sufficient oxygen
- They are limited to glycolysis
- Glycolysis is inefficient (only 2 ATP)
- Cancer cells waste energy
- People lose weight
Cardiovascular or Circulatory System:
System of tubes and pumps that circulate fluids throughout the body
Blood:
A body tissue, 1-1.5 gallons. Blood never leaves blood vessels.
Respiratory Pigments:
Proteins in blood that carry gasses. Allows blood to carry more oxygen than by diffusion alone.
What is your respiratory pigment?
Hemoglobin (iron used to carry oxygen)
What is the most common blood disorder?
Anemia: blood carries too little oxygen. Problem with QUALITY, not quantity
Interstitial Fluid:
Watery fluid surrounding cells (tissue fluid); about 3 gallons. Moves in and out of blood vessels.
Where does Interstitial Fluid drain?
Into the Lymphatic System (part of the immune system)
What drives the movement of Interstitial Fluid in and out of Blood vessels?
Pressure differences between inside and outside of blood vessel. Out on artery side, back in on vein side
Hemolymph:
Mixture of blood and interstitial fluid. Found only in animals with open circulatory systems.
Open Circulatory System:
Hemolymph not always contained in vessels. They do have simple hearts.

A) Can't control flow very well
B) Works well for small animals. Energetically inexpensive.
C) Body movements increase circulation
Closed Circulatory System:
Blood never leaves blood vessels; Interstitial Fluid does.

A) Elastic Walls
B) Muscles to control diameter
C) Valves to prevent backflow
Vasoconstriction:
Vessel muscles tighten, vessel gets smaller, blood pressure goes up.

CAUSES: Amphetamines, Cocaine, Eye Drops
Vasodilation:
Vessel muscle relaxes, vessel gets bigger, blood pressure goes down

CAUSES: THC, Lack of Noise, Lack of Light
Coronary Artery:
Supplies the heart with blood, oxygen, and food
Atherosclerosis:
Hardened fat deposits (plaque) inside arteries
LDL Cholesterol:
Bad. Low density lipoprotein. Low protein, high fat.
HDL Cholesterol:
Good. high density lipoprotein. High protein, low fat
Arteriosclerosis:
Hardening of artery walls. Lose elasticity and can't handle pressure
Heart attack. Tissues irreversibly damaged by lack of oxygen:
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack. Tissues not dead and can be saved if oxygen is restored quickly.
Myocardial Ischemia
Ischemia:
A problem with blood QUANTITY, not quality
Angina:
Chest pain after exercise or a big meal due to ischemia of the heart muscle
Statins:
LDL lowering medications (e.g. Lipitor). Block Enzymes that make LDL cholesterol in the liver.
Nitrates for chest pain:
Nitroglycerin, causes vasodilation, lowers blood pressure
Beta blockers:
Block the effects of adrenaline. Keep blood pressure from rising.
A sectino of blood vessel taken from somewhere else int he body to replace a clogged Coronary Artery. Can be single, double, triple, or quadruple bypass...
Coronary Bypass
Angioplasty:
Procedures to deal with blocked arteries
Stent:
Insert small, hollow tube to hold vessel open. Stays inside
Blood plasma glycoprotein called Fibrinogen is converted by protein Thrombin into the protein Fibrin, which, together with blood platelets, forms a mesh network or clot that stops blood loss:
Blood Clotting
Hemophilia:
Too little Fibrin produced: trouble forming blood clots (caused by genetics or liver problems)
Thrombosis:
Too much Fibrin/Fibrinogen produced that causes blood clots to form in the blood stream = BAD
Thrombus:
Blood clot inside blood vessel
Embolism:
When a Plaque or Thrombus breaks free and travels to another part of the body.
Aneurysm:
Balloon-like bulge of a blood vessel. Can burst
Stroke:
Caused by brain ischemia. Lack of oxygen causes brain cells to die
Chronic high blood pressure. Can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and aneurysms and Kidney failure. Caused by anything that increases blood volume or decreases vessel diameter.
Hypertension
Chronic low blood pressure. Caused by anything that reduces blood volume or increases vessel diameter such as accidents, injuries, diuretics, diet pills, or anaphylactic shock.
Hypotension
The exchange of gases between an organism and the surrounding environment...
Respiration
Increasing the flow of water or air over the respiratory surfaces...
Ventilation
Four important points about the Diffusion of Gases:
A) Gases must pass through liquids to get to cell
B) The greater the surface area for gas exchange, the more gas can diffuse
C) Diffusion depends on gas concentration and gas pressure
D) Oxygen diffuses about 8,000 times faster in air than in water
What type of water hold the most dissolved oxygen?
Cold, Fresh
What type of water holds the least dissolved oxygen?
Warm, Salt
How much oxygen does water hold compared to air?
Air holds 20 times as much dissolved oxygen than water because O2 is nonpolar, H20 is polar. They don't want to mix
What forces drive gases into water?
Atmospheric pressure, Hemoglobin, concentration gradients
Insects: Spiracles:
Portholes to the outside of an insect's body for gas exchange
What do spiracles connect to?
Tracheal system
Does the open circulatory system of insects transport Oxygen and Carbon dioxide?
No, because the tracheal system touches all cells in the body
Amphibians: Positive pressure:
Air pushed into lungs and then sucked out
Metamorphosis:
Many amphibians use gills as juveniles (tadpoles or newts), then use lungs as adults.
Pulmocutaneous Respiration:
Respiration through the skin
Birds: Air sacs:
Air sacs attached to lungs. Birds don't have alveoli, instead they have more capillaries
Functions of the air sac system in birds:
A) One-way air flow
B) Prevents mixing old and new air
C) Reduces weight
How do alligators breathe?
Alligators have one-way air flow too, but use valves to do it, not air sacs
Mammals: Negative pressure:
Air sucked in, then pushed out
How do mammals ventilate?
With a diaphragm. Dome shaped muscle below the lungs.
How does the diaphragm work?
Diaphragm contracts down, pushes air into lungs
What is the voicebox called?
Larynx
What does the Trachea branch into?
Bronchi
What do the Bronchi branch into?
Bronchioles
How many alveoli does the average human have?
300 million
Does your brain tell you to breathe?
Yes, unlike heartbeat
How do we know when to breathe more?
Primarily when CO2 levels in our blood get too high
How is CO2 transported to the lungs?
Mos of it is dissolved in the blood as bicarbonate (HCO2). When it reaches the lungs it dissociates into CO2 and H2O.
Some adaptations used by animals to improve the efficiency of oxygen delivery to the body:
A) MYOGLOBIN: Protein found in muscles that stores oxygen
B) Have more red blood cells or more efficient red blood cells.
C) Reduce heart rate to slow oxygen consumption
D) Restrict blood flow to non-vital organs
This condition involves the involuntary contraction of the bronchiole muscles and constriction of the airway (often caused by allergies or temperature changes).
Asthma
Irreversible degenerative disease. Loss of elasticity in the small airways (alveoli). The result is that the small airways collapse during exhalation
Emphysema
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. A combination of Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis (inflammation of bronchioles). Airways become narrowed making it difficult to breathe.
COPD
Ventilation to the lungs is stopped for short periods (sometimes hundred of times per night). Can be caused by brain's lack of ability to regulate respiration, by obstruction, or by an overdose of depressants that relax muscles (e.g. alcohol)
Apnea
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Brain has trouble reading CO2 levels properly. Exact causes may be varied and are not well understood. Best advice: Keep baby on back while sleeping
SIDS
n inflammation of the lungs that leads to an accumulation of fluid and impairs lung function. Can be caused by bacteria, protists, viruses, and fungi. One type of bacterial infection is called Legionnaire's disease. Another bacterial infection causes Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
How many muscles in the human body?
About 600
Muscle is made from two kinds of filaments:
Myosin and actin
Muscle Cramps:
Imbalance in blood ions, dehydration, or over-exertion can cause involuntary release of calcium ions.
Muscle Burn:
Accumulation of lactic acid after anaerobic respiration
What causes muscle fatigue?
Calcium channels become leaky, muscle can't fully contract or relax
Muscle Fiber Types:
Differ in their concentration of Myosin
Fast-Twitch:
White fibers, explosive speed, no endurance. Few mitochondria. Rely on anaerobic respiration so lactic acid builds up
Slow-Twitch:
Red Fiber, good endurance, slower speed. Many mitochondria, rely on aerobic respiration so lasts a long time
Phosphagen System
Creatine phosphate stores phosphate for ATP in muscles. Lasts for about 10 seconds
Glycolytic System:
Use Glycolysis and Lactic Fermentation. Lasts for 1-2 minutes. Anaerobic
Aerobic Respiration:
Slowest way to make ATP, but lasts the longest. Up to several hours.
Food Preferences: Fast-Twitch:
Sugars and glycolysis for quick ATP energy
Food Preferences: Slow-Twitch:
Prefer fat and the ETC for long-term ATP energy
Exercise Physiology:
Exercise does not make more muscle. Fibers get bigger and more resistant to fatigue
Endurance Training:
Light weights, many repetitions. Increase number of mitochondria and capillaries
Strength Training:
Heavy weights, few repetitions. Make muscle fibers thicker and promote enzymes used in glycolysis
Skelton:
Rigid body support with muscles attached
Hydrostatic Skeleton:
Fluid or air is held under pressure in a closed body compartment
Exoskeleton:
A hard skeleton, on the outside of the body. Made from protein chitin
Endoskeleton:
A hard skeleton on the inside on the body
What is Cartilage made from?
From collagen (protein) fibers
What are bones made from?
Collagen strengthened by calcium phosphate
How many bones in a human infant?
About 300
How many bones in a human adult?
About 200-210
What happens to # of bones as you grow?
Many of our bones fuse together as we grow; for example the skull
Four Functions of Bones
A) Movement
B) Protect Internal Organ
C) Store Calcium and Phosphorus
D) Produce Red an White blood cells
Osteoclasts:
Cells that secrete acids and constantly remove bone
Osteoblasts:
Cells that constantly rebuild bone
What causes osteoporosis?
Osteoclasts work faster than osteoblasts.
What is the function of bone marrow?
Produces red and white bood cells and stores fat
Tendons:
Connect muscle to bone
Ligaments:
Connect bone to bone
Cartilage shock absorbers between the bones wear away. Usually, the fingers, knees, hips, and back are the areas most affected.
Osteoarthritis
Unnatural curvature of spine.
Scoliosis
Softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency. Most common childhood disease in many developing countries
Rickets
Incompletely formed spinal cord and vertebrae so spinal cord sticks out of back. One of the most common birth defects.
Spina Bifida
What is the deadliest infectious disease in the world?
Acute Respiratory Infection
Of the eight deadliest infectious diseases, how many are caused by bacteria or viruses?
7
Pathogen:
An infectious disease-causing organism
Infection:
A pathogen invades a cell or multi-celled organism
Epidemic:
A disease spreads through part of a population
Pandemic:
Epidemic spreads through many populations at the same time.
Why don't pathogens kill us all?
1) We evolved with them. Our immune system can kill most of them
2) They kill each other
3) Prudent Parasite Argument
Where do antibiotics come from?
From bacteria and Fungi. They compete for resources and infect each other. They benefit by killing each other.

ANTIBIOTICS KILL BACTERIA!
Prudent Parasite Argument
Parasites should not kill their hosts or else they can't be spread to other hosts.
Binary Fission:
Asexual; Produces two identical cells; can be very fast
Conjugation:
Direct exchange of DNA through conjugation tube of sex pili
Transformation:
Uptake of DNA directly from the environment
Transduction:
Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a virus
Endospores:
Bacteria spore that can survive harsh conditions (heat, ventilation, drying)
Symbiosis between bacteria and plant roots that helps plants get Nitrogen out of the soil, Associated with legumes
Rhizobium
Viruses:
A) 1,000-10,000 times smaller than bacteria
B) DNA or RNA in a protein coat
C) Can't reproduce itself, must use a host
Viroids:
A) Strands of RNA, no protein coat, no protein coding genes
B) Pathogens of plants and crop species
C) Resemble Introns (noncoding regions of eukaryotic DNA)
Prions:
Infectious Proteins
Protists
Single celled Eukaryotes placed in their own kingdom
What are Dinoflagellates?
Single-celled protists: cause algal blooms
What is Red Tide?
Dinoflagellate population explosion. Release toxins into the water that can kill fish and you
What are Algae?
Colonial Protists, NOT plants
Golden Algae:
Diatoms. Give off as much oxygen every year
Brown Algae:
Kelp: Important structure in Marine ecosystems
Red Algae:
Source of Agar used in jellies and cosmetic products
Green Algae:
Sea lettuce: NOT a plant, but evolved into the green plants
Fungi:
Diseases are called Mycoses (decomposers in the ecosystem)
What is the main component of the fungal cell wall?
Chitin
What are Hyphae?
A chain of connected cells
What is a Mycelium?
An interwoven mat of hyphae that forms in the body
Saprobic Fungi:
Consume dead organisms. They are the decomposers
Parasitic Fungi:
Feed on living organisms
Specialized parasitic hyphae that invade living cells and secrete digestive enzymes.
Haustoria
Rapidly growing asexually reproducing fungus:
Mold
Unicellular fungi that live in damp places and can reproduce by budding. Inhabit plant sap and animal tissues.
Yeasts
A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic cyanobacterial cell or a photosynthetic green algae:
Lichen
A symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi that helps plants absorb nutrients from soil, particularly phosphorus.
Mycorhizae
Leaf Cutter Ants:
Fungi Farmers. Live symbiotically with fungi
Antigens
Any substances that stimulates an immune response. Can be pathogens, parts of pathogens, or even dirt
It is a separate circulatory system that transports interstitial fluid from cells back to the blood's circulatory system.
Lymphatic System
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Filter pathogens and other antigens from interstitial fluid
Where are white blood cells formed? Where do they mature?
Bone marrow, tymus gland
Filters out old Red Blood cells, produces some white blood cells, and removes pathogens and antigens your body has already attacked and killed.
Spleen
What are lymph nodes?
Where interstitial fluid is filtered.
First non-specific defense against Infection or Disease?
A) Skin, Exoskeleton, or other body covering keeps things out
B) Tears, sweat, and saliva have enzyme Lysozome that kills many bacteria
C) Mucus washes pathogens away from the body
D) Stomach Acid (HCL) and other acids can kill many pathogens
Cytokines:
Molecules released by "stressed" cells. Causes NKC attack
Perforins:
Proteins that poke holes in pathogens and allow toxins to enter
Macrophages:
Giant white blood cells that can eat whole bacteria and protists
Produced by Mast cells and it makes capillaries dilate and become leaky causing redness and swelling.
Histamines
Hormone produced by cells near affected areas. Induces fever and inflammation.
Prostaglandins
Why do you respond to infection or injury with inflammation?
To trade pathogens at the site of injury and prepare tissue for repair.
T Cells:
WBC's that help control the immune response. Tell B cells when to divide
B Cells:
WBC's that make Antibodies that attach to Antigens. Each B Cell makes one kind of antibody that attaches to one kind of antigen
Antibodies:
Proteins that bind to antigens and signal other cells to attack the antigen
Plasma Cells:
"Antibody factories". Each plasma cell can produce millions of antibodies
Memory Cells
Plasma cells that remain dormant until the same antigen is found in the body again
What happens if you don't have enough T Cells?
No plasma cels. No memory cells. Body can't fight ANY infections
What are Autoimmune Disorders?
When your immune system attacks your own cells
How do vaccines works?
Dead pathogens or antigens are injected into the body

- They do NOT cause disease
- They DO simulate virus
What is Passive Immunity?
Short-term immunity using antibodies produces outside the body
Gamma Globulin
If traveling out of the country, you may receive antibodies prepared from the blood of other humans from that geographic area for short-term protection against local diseases, like Hepatitis A
Over-production of antibodies, which stimulates a release of histamines and causes a drop in blood pressure:
Allergic Reaction
Hormones:
A chemical produced by one cell that controls activity of other cells
Glands:
Cells organized into organs that secrete hormones
Endocrine Gland:
Secrete hormones directly into blood or interstitial fluid inside the body
Exocrine Gland:
Secrete hormones iinto a duct that leads outside the body
Target Cells
Those cells able to respond to a hormone
Receptors
Proteins on target cells that bind and respond to specific hormones
Secreted directly into the blood stream by Endocrine glands:
True Hormone
A hormone that is produced by one cell and moves a short distance through interstitial fluid to reach target cells:
Paracrine Hormone
Are secreted by nerve cells and travel in the blood stream to distant target cells:
Neurohormone
Neurotransmitter:
Secreted between nerve cells, between nerve and muscle cells, or between nerve and gland cells
Oxytocin:
"Cuddle hormone" Feelings of bonding, love, trust, reduced fear.
Endorphins:
Feel-good or pain tolerance hormones produced by pituitary and hypothalamus
Pituitary gland:
Right near hypothalamus, stores ADH and oxytocin
HGH
Biggest peaks appear during puberty and about a half-hour after you go to sleep. Decreases as you get older
HGH Roles in the Body:
A) Increase height in children
B) Increase size and strength of bones
C) Increase muscle mass
D) Stimulate growth of all organs, except brain
Ovaries and Testes
Produce Sex Hormones
Testosterone:
Main anabolic steroid produced in the body
Estrogen:
Female secondary sexual characteristics. Male sex drive, sperm maturation
Pineal gland:
Receptors in your eyes. Regulates circadian rhythms
Melatonin:
Promotes sleep. Levels rise in early evening, drop in early morning.
Thyroid gland:
Controls metabolism and many related things
Thyroxine:
Primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism
Pancreas:
Produces hormones that regulate blood sugar.
Diabetes mellitus:
High blood sugar (hyperglycemia), 3rd leading cause of death in USA
Acute Stress Response increases:
A) Blood Pressure
B) Breathing
C) Heart Rate
D) Blood flow to muscles + Brain
E) Glucose in blood
F) Pupils dilate
Cortisol:
Long-term stress control
Nervous System:
Specialized cells sense environment and all rapid, long-distance communication
Central Nervous System:
Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System:
All the nerves connected to the brain and spinal cord
Neuron:
Cells specialized for conducting electrical charges
Sensory Neuron:
Direcly sense environment. Send signals to CNS
Nociceptor:
Send pain signals to brain. Detect damage to body
Motor Neuron:
Attach to muscles and glands and make them work.
Mirror Neuron:
Neuron that fires when an animal acts AND when it sees another animal perform the same action
What are reflexes?
Involuntary response to an external stimulus
Cell body:
Main part of the cell with nucleus and other cell organelles
Dendrite:
Bring information to cell body
Axon:
Carry information away from cell body
Myelin Sheath:
Lipid-rich insulation around axon
What are the two primary functions of the Myelin Sheath:
Insulation, make nerve impulse faster
Synapse:
Tiny space between nerve and muscle or gland cells
Membrane (Resting) Potential:
The resting difference in charge between the inside and outside of a nerve cell
At rest, the inside of a nerve cell is ________ charged. Why?
NEGATIVELY. DNA and most proteins have net negative charge
At rest the outside of the cell is _________ charged. Why?
POSITIVELY. A high concentration of sodium ions outside
Action potential:
Temporty reversal of charge between inside and outside of nerve cell.
How fast do nerve impulses travel in vertebrates?
Fastest are about 400 FT/sec or 272 MPH
Invertebrates lack myelin sheaths. How fast do their nerve impulses travel?
6.6 FT/sec or 4.5 MPH
Where are Neurotransmitters stored?
Hormones secreted into the synapse between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle cells
What causes the release of Neurotransmitters into the synaptic space?
In small vesicles at the tips of axons
Cocaine addiction:
Body produces enzymes to destroy extra dopamine. Need more cocaine each time to get same high. When not using cocaine, body keeps destroying dopamine so you can't feel good.
How does viagra work?
Blocks an enzyme that blocks (NO) and allows NO to work
Neurotoxins:
Nervous system poisons. Many block ion channels from opening and closing.
Vasoconstriction:
Conserve heat. Closing of blood vessels near the skin's surface and extremities such as nose, ears, fingers, and toes
Vasodilation:
Release Heat. Blood vessels near skin's surface and extremities open to allow warmed blood from the body core to release hear near the body's surface
Behavioral Responses:
Moving in and out of light, finding shade. Moving into the sun for warmth. Sunning, swimming to cool off.
Evaporative cooling:
Panting, sweating, licking wrists.
Insulation:
Hair and feathers stand up when it is cold in an attempt to trap warm air against the body. Fat is also a common insulation in mammals. "Goose Bumps" are a vestigial reaction to cold temperatures.
Brown Fat:
Specialized fat cells that burn fats to generate heat energy instead of ATP energy
Muscle Shivering:
Generates body heat under cold condiditons. Depends on fiber type being used. Slow shivering is slow twitch muscle fibers burning fats for fuel. Burst shivering is fast-twitch muscle fibers
Countercurrent heat exchange:
Arteries and veins in the feet, flippers, etc. are aligned so that cold venous blood is warmed by arterial blood before it goes back into the body core
Short-Term hibernation.
Torpor
Summer, dry season, or daily torpor.
Aestivation
Functions of kidneys:
Process about 12 gallons of blood per day

A) Produce Urine to carry nitrogen-containing wastes out of the body
B) Regulate the production of red blood cells
C) Regulate amount of salts and water in the blood
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB):
Cellular structure prevents bacteria and large molecules from entering brain tissue
Things that weaken BBB:
Genetics, Hypertension, Radiation, Infection
Circumventricular Organs:
Areas in the brain where BBB is intentionally weak to allow monitoring of blood quality
Area Postrema:
In medulla. Weak area of BBB that can detect toxic substances in blood and make you vomit
Brain infections:
Hard to treat because most antibiotics and antibodies are too large to enter BBB
Meningitis:
Caused by bacteria, fungi, etc. that produce infection in CSE. Leads to inflammation of the protective membranes
Alzheimer's
Disruption in BBB allows misfolded proteins to enter brain and accumulate.
Seizures:
Rapid simultaneous firing of neurons in the brain
Tonic-Clonic Seizure:
Most serious. Accompanied by violent convulsions. Can cause brain damage
Mental Illness:
Most caused by simple chemical imbalances in the brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid:
Special fluid made by brain. Acts as interstitial fluid for brain cells and spinal cord.
Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid:
A) Mechanical protection for brain and neurons
B) Transport molecules around nervous system
C) Help control nutrient flow to brain
Brainstem:
Survival functions. Being alert and awake
Pons:
Regulates breathing
Midbrain:
Coordinates vision and hearing and visual reflexes
Medulla:
Controls heart rate, swallowing, vomiting, resting, digestion
Fainting:
Vagus nerve sends body into emergency "rest" mode.
Diencephalon
Homeostasis, sleep, thirst, hunger, anger, sex drive
Cerebellum:
Coordinate muscles, balance, and the position of body in space.
Cerebrum:
Memory, abstract thought, sensory perception
Cerebral cortex:
Outer layer of cerebrum in mammals. AWARENESS
Left Side of Cerebral Cortex:
Speech, language, math, logic, right side of the body
Right side of Cerebral Cortex:
Artistic ability, creativity, music, left side of body
Memory/Learning
Made up of neural pathways that differ in length, intensity, and which types and amounts of neurotransmitters are used
Short-Term memory:
Frontal cortex (cerebrum)
Long-Term memory:
Hippocampus (Limbic System)
What moves memories from short to long-term memory?
- Practice
- Repeated Testing
- Positive or Negative emotion associated with memory
- Assosciation
- Mnemonic Device
Marijuana abuse affect memory?
Impairs brain's ability to form short-term memory
How does alcohol abuse affect memory?
Impairs brain's abilities to form new, long-term memories