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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA is transforming agent, not proteins
rats - smooth and rough strain |
Griffith and Avery
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bases pair
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Chargaff
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DNA is genetic material,
S-protein P-DNA |
Hershey and Chase
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aided the discovery of DNA structure, xray crystallography
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Rosalind Franklin
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purified sample of DNA
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Wilkins
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double helix structure, with no experiments
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Watson and Crick
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semi-conservative theory of replication
N 14 and 15 experiment |
Messelson and Stahl
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pyrimidines
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C,T
shorter |
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purines
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A, G
longer cuz of double ring |
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DNA reads
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3 ->5
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DNA builds
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5-3
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demostrate effectiveness of vaccine due to encowment
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Edward Jenner
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used a heat attenuated anthrax bacillus to vaccinate a group of shape which survived
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Louis Pasteur
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won a Nobel prize by showing that serum from animals that are immunized of diptheria could transfer to unimmunized animals
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Emil von Behring
humoral immunity |
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cells (phagocytes) contribute to the immune state of an animal
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Elie Metchnikoff
cell mediated |
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bodys defense mechanisms
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physical, chemical, biological
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physical barriers
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flushing mechanisms and mucus membrane
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removes foreign material from the respiratory tract
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coughing and sneezing
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rinses the urinary tract
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urination
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washes out foreign material from the eyes
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lacrimation
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wavelike motion moves microbes out of the body
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ciliary action
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flushes microbes from intestines
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peristalsis
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prevent pathogens from getting into the body
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mucus membranes
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inhibits growth of many pathogens
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pH of body fluids
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flushing mechanisms
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coughing and sneezing, urination, lacrimation, ciliary action, peristalsis
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breaks down cell wall of bacteria
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lysozyme
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causes cell lysis and enhances phagocytosis
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complement
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inhibits viruses from multiplying in infected cells and entering new cells
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interferon
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chemical barriers
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pH of body fluids, lysozyme, complement, interferon
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biological barriers
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species specific resistance, normal flora, inflammation, macrophages
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some species are not affected by certain infectious agents
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species specific resistance
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compete with and antagonized infectious diseases
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normal flora bacteria
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isolates pathogens and induces repair of damaged tissues
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inflammation
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specialized white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens
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macrophages
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process of inflammation is a ... response
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positive
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release a variety of chemicals including histamines
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basophils
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increases blood flow and aids the movement of phagocytes to the infection
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histamines
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fever, widespread inflammatory respons resulting from the release of the peptide
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interleukin
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localized signs of inflammation and causes
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Redness, warmth, swelling, pain
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increased blood flow to site
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redness
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greater blood flow carry more metabolic
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warmth
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capillaries are made more permeable so plasme and leukocyte leak out
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swelling
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increased fluid pressure and local chemical signals stimulate nocireceptors
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pain
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bodys defense mechanism
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nonspecific, specific
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specific defense mechanisms
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humoral, cell mediated immunity, specific immunity
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antibodies bind to foreign particles and neutralize toxins and viruses, also enhance phagocytosis
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humoral immunity
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cells of IS attack invading microorganisms and cancer cells. Produce cytotoxins and enlist the help of other cells to strengthen the specific immune response
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cell-mediated immunity
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types of specific immunity
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acquired and natural immunity
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types of acquired immunity
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naturally and artificially acquired
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Naturally acquire
active |
recovery from an infection; antibodies long term; sensitized T&B lympho
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NA - passive
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transfer through placenta/breast milk; short term antibodies; none
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AA - active
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vaccination; short and long antibodies, sensitized T and B lymphocytes
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AA - passive
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injection of performed antibodies; temporary antibodies; none
peanut butter shot |
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Natural immunity
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inborn (sickle cell)
Natural resistance |
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glycoproteinds produced by the body in response to the presence of an antigen; capable of combining specifically with that antigen
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antibodies
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foreign substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of specific antibodies
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antigen
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group of serum proteins that participate in the enzymatic cascade, ultimately resulting in a cytolytic membrane attack complex that destroys the target cell
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complement
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tissue response to injury or other trauma characterized by RWSP
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inflammation
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family of glycoproteins produced by a variety of cell types that induce an antiviral state in cells and help to regulate the immune response
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interferon
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formation of tears in the eyes as a result of irritation or drying of the eyes
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lacrimation
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cytoplasmic graniles found in many types of cells containing hydrolytic enzymes, which play an important role in the digestion of phagocytized material
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lysozyme
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bacteria and other microorganisms that exist in a mutualistic relationship with an organism
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normal flora
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disease causing organism
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pathogen
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rhythmic waves of contraction of digestive smooth muscle that push food along the tract and prevent pathogen attachment to digestive cells
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peristalsis
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cellular uptake of large substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form and intracellular vesicle
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phagocytosis
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preparation of antigenic material used to induce immunity against pathogenic agents
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vaccine
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refers to natural, nonspecific host defenses that exist prior to exposure to a specific antigen
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innate immunity
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an immune reaction involving lymphocyes that display the features of specificity, diversity, memory and selfnonself recognition
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acquired immunity
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cells of immune system mature and are activated in
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primary and secondary lymphoid tissue
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1st proposes the selective theory of antibody specificity which was later developed as clonal-selection theory
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Paul Ehrlich
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describe the chemical structure of antibodies
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Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter
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cells of the circulatory system
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erythrocytes, platelets
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RBCs, carry Oxygen from the lungs to the tissues where the oxygen is released and carbon dioxide is picled up. No nucleus. BICONCAVE SHAPE
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erythrocytes
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part of the clotting membrane
no nucleus somewhat star shaped |
platelets
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nonspecific defense cells
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granular and agranular
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cytoplasm contains granules
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granular
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involved in the inflammatory response(releases histamine granules)
Polymorphonuclear PMN |
Basophils
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basophilic granules stain..
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blue-purple color
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involved in detoxification and attacking parasites. Polymorphonuclear PMN
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eosinophils
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easinophilic granules stain
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red-orange color
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most numerous leukocytes; involved in phagocytosis of pathogens and damaged cells. prevalent in acute inflammaion (infection) PMN
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neutrophils
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neutrophilic granules stain
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both red and blue giving a pink color to the basophil
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cytoplasm contains no granules
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agranular
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also known as tissue macrophages, larges leukocyes and are phagocytic (agranular)
prevalent in chronic inflammation |
monocytes
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mononuclear shape
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kidney bean shape
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specific defense cells
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B cells and T lymphocytes
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involved in humoral immunity
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B cells
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stimulated b cells become
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plasma cells
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produces antibodies and memory cells which retain memory of antigen during secondary exposure
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Plasma cells (stimulated B cells)
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involved in cell mediated immunity
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T-lymphocytes
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stimulated T cells become T helper cells, cytoxic T cells and memort T cells, which retain memory of the antigen in case of secondary exposure
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T lymphocytes
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can turn to any type of cell
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pluripotent
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hemopoietic stem cell; pluripotent
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bone marrow
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T cells mature in the
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thymus
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B cells mature and stays in the
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bone marrow
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myeloid stem cells
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neutrophils, basophils, easinophils
study page 113! |
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organs of immune system
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primary and secondary lymphoid tissue and antibody(immunoglobulin)
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primary lymphoid tissue
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bone marrow and thymus
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location of hemopoiesis
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bone marrow
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T lymphocyte maturation; become educated
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Thymus
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secondary lymphoid tissue
(mature) |
spleen and lymph nodes
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lymph nodes
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tonsils, peyer's patches and adenoids
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antibody (immunoglobulin) functions
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opsonization, activation of complement
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enhances phagocytosis
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opsonization
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opsonization
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neutralization(around cell), agglutination, precipitation (Y tips connected)
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classes of antibody
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Ig - M, G, A, D, E
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pentmetric, fix complement; 5
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IgM
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major class, cross placenta, 1
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IgG
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dimer, submucosal, local immunity
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IgA
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function not known, attach surface of B cells
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IgD
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allergic responses; histamine
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IgE
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antibody structure
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1. Y shaped
2. made entirely of protein 3. binding sites on tips - part that varies to match only with 1 specific antigen 4. disulfide bonds hold it together |
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binding of antibody to several antigens, resulting in a clumping effect
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agglutination
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space outside of cell
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extracellular
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generation or development of RBC and WBCs
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hemopoiesis
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antibodies block viral binding sites or coat bacterial toxins
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neutralization
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antibodies cross link soluble antigens making them insoluble and thus targets for phagocytosis
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precipitation
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condition in which an immune system actively attacks itself
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autoimmune diseases
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antibodies attack skin, joint, mucus membranes and kidneys; gives red splotches
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lupus erythematosus
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antibodies attack joints and cause inflammation
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rheumatoid arthritis 1%
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attack organs
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brain, thyroid, heart, joints, skin, pancreas, adrenal glands, kidneys
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attack pancreas
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insulin-dependent diabetes
type 1, insulin not secreted correctly, glucose not absorbed correctly |
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antibodies attack heart, joints and kidneys; result when streph is left untreated
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rheumatic fever 1/83 in children
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genetic, antibodies attack brain and nervous system, cant walk - painful, common in women
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multiple sclerosis
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eye pop out, IS attack thyroid gland (voice)
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graves disease
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antibodies attack cilia
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celiac sprue
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when body becomes too sensitive to its surroundings
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hypersensitivity
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20% of people in US are affected by this - hay fever or asthma
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allergies
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responses to allergic reactions
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fluid pours out of capillaries, mucus is copious released, small respiratory passages (bronchioles) constrict
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1st step of hypersensitivity
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sensitization of plasma cells
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2nd major step of hypersensitivity
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IgE class antibody attach to mast cells by their stems which leaves them still active to that cells specific pollen antigen
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when pollen grain bridges the space between 2 IgEs, cell is pinched and histamine is released
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degranulation
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when allergen IgE takes place in the skin you get welts called
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wheels
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professor booth has a form of wheels called
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dermatographism
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4 types of hypersensitivity
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IgE mediated, cytotoxic mediated, auto-antibodies, cell mediated
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stop inflammation; body stop making antibodies; help relieve symptoms so body/antigen doesnt attack it
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sacred role of antihistamines
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when bodys defense system stops working
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immunodeficiency
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genetic immunodeficient disease
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severe combined immunodeficiency
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lacking both humoral and cell mediated defenses. only chance to survive is bone marrow transplant to supply functioning cells
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severe combined immunodeficiency
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non-genetic immunodeficient disease
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hodgkinds disease and AIDS
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caused by cancer which damages the lymphatic systems
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hodgkins disease
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AIDS can be transferred through
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semen, blood, vaginal fluids, breast milke
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stress
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hormones of adrenal glands affects the number of WBC
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recorded that people suffering depression are more likely to develop cancer
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Galen
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AIDS
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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virus that causes AIDS
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HIV - human immunodeficiency virus
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enveloped, reverse transriptase present, genetic code constantly changing
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HIV virus
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how HIV works
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helper T cells attacked, CD4 - receptor on T cells where virus attached
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1st step of HIV infection
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HIV infects
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cells required to trigger the immune response
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helper T cells
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Type I - allergy
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IgE mediated
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Type II - mediated erythroblastocyst fetallis, RH factor problem
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cytotoxic mediated
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RH factor problem
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mother is RH- and fetus is RH+, fetus makes abnormal RBC
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Type III - against IgE antibodies, rheumatoid arthritis
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auto-antibodies
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Type IV - poison ivy, cosmetics
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cell mediated
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sensitivity to an antigen that triggers the release of histamine
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allergy
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