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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fleming and Florey |
Penicillin Florey is the chemist who synthesized penicillin |
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History of Penicillin |
1942: half of world supply for one person (2 to 3 grams of supply to 1 person) 1945: 646 million doses (a lot of it in biosphere -> bacteria figured a way out) 1959: Methicillin Resistant 1970s: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, penicillin/methicillin resistant) 2002: Vancamycin Resistant (last antibiotic people can possibly make) 2017: "Super Bug": Reno, NV: 26 antibiotics (all resistant) |
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Frederick Twort & Felix d'Herelle |
1915, Yucatan Peninsula Found a substance that kills bacteria (plaques on petri dish) Filterable, Amplify, Non-diffusible |
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Ham Smith |
Bacterial Transformation: receptor recognizes 11 bp sequence Restriction Modification: E. coli takes up any DNA, cut (foreign) naked DNA by C, its own DNA is protected by methyl group on C (cytosine) UCB Math, undergraduate (1981 Nobel Prize) |
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Joshua Lederberg |
Bacterial Conjugation: plasmid, pillus, F- to F+ Bacterial Transduction: Transposons -> "Jumping Genes" Stanford |
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James Watson & Francis Crick Rosalind Franklin |
Make crystals of DNA X-ray: find out double helix structure |
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Avery, Heshey, Messelso, and Stahl |
DNA Duplication, used N^{15} 1. Conservative 2. Semi-Conservative (correct) 3. Random Suggest mechanism of replication, but not the machinery |
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Arthur Kornberg
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Protein Purification based on biophysical property (use columns) Assay add dATP^{32} on to the end of DNA strand DNA Polymerase I: Repair Enzyme (Kornberg found this one, but it doesn't replicate the DNA) DNA Polymerase III: Replicate DNA Stanford |
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Rao & Johnson |
Two cells are fused together M + G2: M Phase pulls G2 into M S + G1: S phase has factors that can promote G1 to S S + G2: S phase nucleus blocks G2 nucleus (wait for DNA replication) |
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Masui |
Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF) Xenopus (Frog) oocyte, add progesterone (=onset of Meiosis II), remove 1(mu)L liquid from anaphase, inject into another cell, no need for progesterone => It is an enzyme: activity not diluted, autocatalytic. |
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Tim Hunt |
Clam Embryos, Cambridge Prediction: Protein synthesized every M-phase to drive mitosis (close, but not entirely correct) Cyclin B is being made the whole time, but only accumulates at M phase => being degraded in other phases. |
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Lee Hartwell |
London S. cerevisiae Identify Mutants that block Cell Division Cycle (CDC = CDK in mammals) CDC28 (=CDC2) |
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Paul Nurse |
Seattle S. Pombe Identify Mutants that block Cell Division Cycle (CDC = CDK in mammals) CDC2 (=CDC28) |
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Jim Maller |
U. Colorado Column extraction of frog embryo found CDC28 and cyclin B separated on protein gel (like gel electrophoresis) |
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Andy Martin |
Proteosome (trashcan for protein) Ubiquitin: 76 A.A. tag put on lysine: "mark of degration" (MCB) |
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Mike Botchon |
Helicase (MCB) |
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* Liz Blackburn Carol Greiden Jack Szotak |
Telomere (UCB) |
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* David Morgan Elizabeth Blackburn Eva Nogales Ron Vale |
Kinetochore, Dynein, Cohesin, Microtubile, Condensed Chromosome Complex at Metaphase UCSF |
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Stan Prusiner |
Prion (1999 UCSF) |
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Wilhelm Johansen |
1909 "Gen" The fundamental and functional units of heredity |
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Johan Gregor Mendel |
1822 Silesia (North Czechoslovakia; South Poland) Peas, Established dominance/recessive for 7 traits, 3:1 |
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History of Mendel |
Depression as a teenager, set to boarding school to be a teacher 1838: Tragedy: Gregor's Father Injured 1840: Joined Monastery of St. Thomas (BRNO), "Friars" Abbott Napp: Sends Mendel to Vienna to get teaching credentials 1842: Failed Exam =>Substitute Teacher + "Project": "Why can't some traits breed true?" 1918: Rediscovered by deVries, Corens, Tchermak (UCB) |
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Teachers of Mendel |
Unger: Plant biology Doppler Ettenghousen: Mathematician, statistician |
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Von Noegli |
Trained by Unger Told Mendel he would not believe in his theory until Mendel's experiment is successfully repeated on Hiraceum (A weed, Apomyxis) |
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*Dan Hartl |
Redo Mendel's experiment, verified Mendel's data, identical numbers 3:1 2008 Genetics (Harvard) |
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Calvin Bridges |
Drosophila Polytene Chromosome ~1028 copies of actively transcribed genes (salivary gland, endomitosis make copies (S) without dividing (M)) Looked at drosophila gene turns on at specific time |
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Thomas Hunt Morgan |
Sex Linkage white eye / red eye drosophila |
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Francis Crick |
The Central Dogma of Molecular biology DNA --Transcription-->RNA--Translation-->Protein |
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Mike Chamberloin |
Bacterial RNA Polymerase Multiple subunits: alpha2, B, B', sigma (sigma factor regulatory) -35: sigma factor, -10 RNA polymerase (UCB) |
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Robert Tjian |
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase mRNA: Pol2; rRNA: Pol1; tRNA: Pol3; miRNA: Pol2; snRNA: Pol2+3; siRNA: Pol2+3. Very large enzyme complex, 12 to 13 subunits. (UCB) |
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Susan Berget Rich Roberts Phil Sharp |
RNA-DNA Hybrids, (heat + reanneal, left with one strand displaced DNA) Used Electron Microscopy Found introns Polymer Science, 1977 |
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Tom Cech |
mRNA Self Splicing, purely chemically enzymatic "lariat" shaped spliced introns (Chemist, UCB Grad Student, Nobel Prize) |
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Vernon Ingram |
Sequence Protein: Glu->Val (SNP in hemoglobin) |
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Linus Pauling |
Red blood cells had simple protein composition: hemoglobin, the major protein (Structure) (Nobel in Science + Peace) |
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James Neal |
Sickle Cell Anemia: single semi-dominant inheritance protein gel |
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Charles Yanofsky |
Genes and protein are co-linear Tryptophan synthetase: Genetic Map of Mutations Translation is the linear reading of measure, codon by codon, and assembly of polypeptide Looked at Mutant and Protein changes mapped on genes => evidence for codon overlap (61 codons, 20 Amino Acids) |
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Nirenberg and Matthaei |
The dependence upon cell free protein synthesis upon natural and cell free RNA The Assay: E. Coli 1. Extract + A.A.* --Incubate (37°C)--> *Proteins 2. Extract --time (37°C)--> Add A.A.** --Incubate (37°C)--> No *Proteins 3. Extract --time (37°C)--> A.A.** -> *Proteins Conclusion: Extract could be programmed by RNA Matthaei: first found UUU->Phenylalanine |
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Nendell Stanley |
Tobacco Mosaic Virus Genome: 1 large RNA molecule Asked Nirenberg to work with him at Berkeley |
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Sydney Brenner |
Aunts & Uncles Experiment Aunts: Alanine Uncles: Poly U found UUA -> Leucine |
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Tom Steitz Ada Yonath Harry Noller |
Ribonucleoprotein Steitz: Yale Yonath: Weiztmann (Israel) Noller: UCSC, RNA does catalysis |
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Jaques Monod |
"Chance & Necessity" book 1939: Poland Invaded by Germany lead France resistant against Nazis part-time job: lac operon Used spectrophotometer to analyze cell growth |
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Walter Gilbert & Benno Muller-Hill |
Assay: insert the extract from I+ or I- bacteria in semipermeable membrane container and place it into beaker with radioactive IPTG (not broken down by beta-galactosidase, similar structure as lactose, binds to repressor)-> 1040 radioactive cpm in I+ and 1000 cpm in I- |
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Jim Watson & Graig Venter |
1st to get genome sequenced |
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G.H. Hardy & Wilhelm Weinberg |
Allele frequency in population reaches equilibrium if mating is random |
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*H. G. Brenner |
1993 Science: "Abnormal Behavior Associated with Point Mutation in Monoamine Oxygenase" (Monoamine Oxygenase take serotonin out of blood) |
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*Crispi |
2002, Science: "Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Kids" |
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Carlos Bustamante |
find out the pressure of DNA pump of virus 60mega pascals (UCB, BioE) |
