Biology 1A For Midterm 2

Front 1

Chromosomes condense only in "blank" cells

Back 1

Eukaryotes

Front 2

Regarding Mitosis and Meiosis what does "N" and "C" stand for

Back 2

N - # of set of chromsome
C - DNA content

Front 3

In mitosis the division goes from 2N4C ---> "blank"

Back 3

2N2C

Front 4

List three things that happen during Prophase

Back 4

1. DNA condenses into chromosomes
2. nuclear envelope breaks
3. spindle fibers form

Front 5

Where do kinectocores attach to?

Back 5

centromeres

Front 6

What happens during anaphase?

Back 6

sister chromatids separate. kinectocores use ATP to pull the sister chromatids.

Front 7

What are kinectocores made out of?

Back 7

microtubules

Front 8

What happens during telophase?
List 2 things

Back 8

1. chromosomes decondense
2. nuclear envelope reforms

Front 9

During phase I of Meiosis goes from 2N4C --->"blank"
phase II?

Back 9

phase I - 1N2C
Phase II - 1N1C

Front 10

When does crossing over occur?

Back 10

metphase I

Front 11

List 4 ways to create genetic variation

Back 11

1. mutation
2. crossing over
3. independent assortment of chromosomes
4. random fertilization

Front 12

homozygous pair

Back 12

ex. bb or BB

Front 13

heterozygous

Back 13

Bb

Front 14

Allele

Back 14

alternative version of a gene

Front 15

genotype

Back 15

description of 2 alleles of a gene. ex. Bb, bb

Front 16

phenotype

Back 16

descriptino of a trait/expression of gene

Front 17

dominant

Back 17

determines phenotype in heterozygotes

Front 18

recessive

Back 18

masked in heterozygote

Front 19

What Mendelian's 1st law?

Back 19

two alleles for a trait segregate independently

Note: there is no corssing over

Front 20

What is Mendelian's 2nd law?

Back 20

law of independent assortment

each "unlinked" pair of alleles segregate into gametes independently

Front 21

what are linked genes?

Back 21

genes are on the same chromosome

Front 22

What is the benefit of using Drosophilas?
list 4

Back 22

1. short life span
2. small
3. prolific breeders
4. 4 pairs of chromosomes

Front 23

relationship between distance between genes and # of recombinants

Back 23

decrease distance between genes, decrease # of recombinants

Front 24

% recombinant

Back 24

# of recombinants / total offspring

units in centimorgans

Front 25

parental type and recombinant type

Back 25

parental: gene did not switch
recombinant type: gene did switch

Front 26

3 kinds of genetics problems that can be on test

Back 26

1. what is genotype or phenotype of parents?
2. what is ratio/probability in offspring?
3. How the genes related?

Front 27

What are the 4 cases possible for dihybrids?

Back 27

1. autosomally unlinked
9:3:3:1 raiton in phenotype
2. autosomally linked
3. both x-linked
4. one gene X-linked the other autosomal

Front 28

Genetic complementation

Back 28

1. each nutant allele must be recessive to the wild type allele
2. corss homozygous mutant flies
3. if F1 progeny show the wild type phenotype, they complement, are not alleles, are mutations in different genes.
4. F1 progeny show the mutant phenotype, they do not complement, are mutations in the same gene, are alleles

Front 29

Purine

Back 29

Guanine and Adenine
two rings

Front 30

Pyrmidines

Back 30

Cytosine and Thymine
one ring

Front 31

How many H bonds beween G and C and how many H bonds between A and T?

Back 31

3 H bonds for GC
2 H bonds for AT

Front 32

when does replication occur of cell cycle? Where for prok and euk?

Back 32

Synthesis phase

Prokaryotes in cytosol
Eukaryotic in nucleus

Front 33

Helicase

Back 33

unwinds and unzips DNA

Front 34

primase

Back 34

attaches RNA primers

Front 35

DNA polymerase III
list 3 functions

Back 35

1. can only synthesize 5'->3'
2. cannot intiate DNA synthesis
3. simultaneously copies both strands

Front 36

Polymerase I

Back 36

replaces all RNA with DNA that is in lagging strand

Front 37

What does DNA ligase do during DNA synth?

Back 37

makes last phosphodiester linkage

Front 38

Lagging strand has what type of fragment?

Back 38

Okazaki

Front 39

What DNA polymerase II do?

Back 39

repairs DNA

Front 40

What is the difference beween thymine and uracil?

Back 40

thymine has methyl group instead of hydrogen

Front 41

ribozyme

Back 41

proteins and RNA complex that catalyzes translation

Front 42

4 mech to know

Back 42

1. adding dNTP in DNA replication
2. spliceosome (cut out introns)
3. translation (making polypeptide)
4. making tRNA - amino acid