Bio 180 Exam 3

Front 1

Ecology

Back 1

The study of how organisms interact with their environment (biotic/abiotic)

Front 2

Behavioral Ecology

Back 2

the study of how organisms make 'decisions' (respond) when they interact with aspects of their environment

Front 3

Proximate Behavior

Back 3

Physiologically how things happen

Front 4

Ultimate Behavior

Back 4

Why things happen ( ex: Increase fitness)

Front 5

Conditional Behavior

Back 5

Actions that only happen when there is a stimulus

Front 6

Learned Behaviors

Back 6

EX: the ducks imprinting on the human

Front 7

How does altruistic behavior still happen?

Back 7

Because it benefits the relatives of the individual and the general population. The genes of the individual are still being passed on

Front 8

Populations are

1.

2.

3.

Back 8

1.Interact

2.Interbreed

3. Exposed to the same environmental changes

Front 9

Exponential Growth:

Continuous

Back 9

Nt=N0e^rt

Front 10

Density- Dependent Growth

Back 10

The population eventually fills all of the available habitat

Front 11

Carrying Capacity (K)

Back 11

Max number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time

Front 12

Causes of Variation in Population Size

Back 12

Whether

Predator

Disease

Competition

Front 13

Metapopulation

Back 13

Sub populations within a larger population

Front 14

Spatial Variation

Back 14

Variation in population change at different times

(EX: UW pop. Greeks, Non-Greeks, Staff. Each change independently of one another)

Front 15

Types of Interactions

Back 15

1. Mutualism

2. Competition

3. Consumerism

Front 16

Types of Competition

Back 16

1. Exploitative: A gets food before B

2. Inteferance: A gets in way of B

3. Chemical: A&B have toxins that hinder each

4. Territorial: barriers limit access to resource

Front 17

IntRAspecific Competition

IntERspacific Competition

Back 17

Competition between species

Competition within a species which can raise K

Front 18

Symmetric Competition

Back 18

Both A and B have the same fitness when separate but when negatively competing, decline at the same rate

Front 19

Asymmetric Competition

Back 19

A is more negatively impacted than B

Front 20

Competitive Exclusion

Back 20

One species out competes the other and prevents it from occurring in a certain habitat

Front 21

Niche

Back 21

A range of resources a species is able to use

Front 22

Fundamental Niche

Back 22

The ideal range of environmental conditions a species can tolerate

Front 23

Realized Niche

Back 23

The space the organism inhabits and resources it can use due to limiting pressure form another species

Front 24

Niche Differentiation

Back 24

When Species A and B overlap niches, species A will occupy one range and B will occupy the other to avoid competition due to natural selection

Front 25

Character Displacement

Back 25

A change in a trait associated with a particular niche access. Over time the species will shift that trait. ( EX: small beaks will get smaller and large beaks will get larger)

Front 26

Types of Consumption

Back 26

Herbivory: animals eat plants/algae

Predation: Larger animal eats smaller prey

Parasitims: parasite lives on or in a large prey

Front 27

Types of Defense

Back 27

Constituitive: Always there ( EX: Thorns)

Inducible: activated when consumed ( EX: Toxins)

Front 28

Counter Defense of Predators

Back 28

Morphological ( teeth, claws)

Camouflage

Learned

Deceptive

Tolerance to chemical defense

Front 29

Coevolution

Back 29

Evolutionary change in one species will influence evolutionary change in another species

Front 30

Invasive Species

Back 30

non- native species is introduced to a new area and spreads quickly and is able to successfully compete with the other native species

Front 31

Consumers can...

Back 31

Regulate population size/ carrying capacity

Regulate cycling of a population

Front 32

Keystone Species

Back 32

has an extraordinarily large impact on the surrounding community, relative to its abundance

Front 33

Trophic Cascade

Back 33

pattern of predators eating herbivores which each a nutritional provider.

Explains top-down hypothesis

Front 34

Mutualism

Back 34

a positive interaction between two species that increases the fitness of both species

Front 35

Facultative Mutualism

Back 35

both parties are capable of surviving on their own

Front 36

Obligate Mutualism

Back 36

both parties are required for the species to survive

Front 37

Mutialism is dynamic

Back 37

the outcome of interactions among species in the conditional on the circumstances and the interaction can change over time and space

Front 38

How does mutualism fall apart

Back 38

when parasitism happens... A is increasing fitness while not providing a reward for B

Front 39

How to prevent cheating

Back 39

By selecting reliable partners

Forcing partners to rely on them extensively

Enforcing sanctions and punishments

Front 40

Disease

Back 40

any abnormal condition that affects all or part of an organism

- environmental causes

-internal dysfunction

-biological agent

Front 41

Disease Environment

Back 41

where host and pathogen occur

Front 42

Host

Back 42

victim(s) that are inhabited by pathogen

Front 43

Pathogen

Back 43

Disease causing agent

Front 44

Reservoir

Back 44

source of pathogen, where it lives when not infecting a host ( abiotic or biotic)

Front 45

Vector

Back 45

Living and is a form of movement for disease that transmits it from host to host

Front 46

Increase in Diseases is due to....

Back 46

high population density

host shifts through larger land use

exotic pet trade

resistance to antibiotics

climate change or global warming