Bio 152 Exam Ii

Front 1

texture

Back 1

relative amounts of different sized particles

Front 2

composition

Back 2

organic and inorganic components

Front 3

irrigation

Back 3

drawing down aquifers, salination (water pulls salts from deep below until plants can't grow)

Front 4

erosion

Back 4

loss of topsoil

Front 5

soil reclamation

Back 5

removal of heavy metals after mining by phytoremediation (treatment of environmental problems through use of plants)

Front 6

nitrogen fixing bacteria

Back 6

converts N2 to NH3 (ammonia) which is converted to NH+3 in soil

Front 7

nitrifying bacteria

Back 7

converts NH4+ to NO3- (most available to plants)

Front 8

denitrifying bacteria

Back 8

converts NO30 to N2 (from atmosphere)

Front 9

symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Back 9

occurs in root nodules (mainly legumes) by rhizobium bacteria in form called bacteroids, must be low oxygen environment (use leghemoglobin to capture O2)

Front 10

ectomycorrhizae

Back 10

fungus that grows on outside

Front 11

endomycorrhizae

Back 11

fungus that grows inside roots

Front 12

outcrossing

Back 12

sexual reproduction, male and female from different plants

Front 13

self-fertilization

Back 13

sexual reproduction, male and female from same plant

Front 14

fragmentation

Back 14

asexual reproduction, separation into parts

Front 15

apomixis

Back 15

asexual reproduction, cloned seeds

Front 16

double fertilization

Back 16

two sperm enter ovary, one fertilizes egg, 2nd sperm combines with 2 polar nuclei to form triploid cell that develops into endosperm (nutritive tissue)

Front 17

simple fruit

Back 17

ex: peas

Front 18

aggregate fruit

Back 18

one flower has several ovaries (ex: raspberries)

Front 19

multiple fruit

Back 19

multiple flowers form one fruit (ex: pineapples)

Front 20

grafting

Back 20

2 plants' tissues encouraged to fuse

Front 21

passive transport

Back 21

diffusion down concentration gradient, can move across membrane or though aquaporins (proteins in cell membrane that regulate water flow)

Front 22

active transport

Back 22

pumping solutes against gradient, uses ATP, transports proteins, proton pumps

Front 23

water potential

Back 23

combines osmotic potential and pressure potential, MPa

Front 24

cytokinins

Back 24

hormone produced in roots, embryos, and fruits
-stimulates cell division and differentiation, dependent on auxin ratio
-slow aging of tissues
-apical dominance (ex: remove apical bud and lateral branches grow up instead of out)

Front 25

gibberellins

Back 25

produced in roots and young leaves, causes cell elongation and division, fruit growth, stimulates germination of seeds with correct signals

Front 26

abscisic acid

Back 26

hormone- seed dormancy, drought tolerance (though stomata)

Front 27

ethylene

Back 27

hormone- triple response, apoptosis, fruit ripening

Front 28

triple response

Back 28

response to mechanical stress, growth slows, thickens stem, causes horizontal growth

Front 29

apoptosis

Back 29

programmed cell death (ex: leaf abscission (losing leaves in winter))

Front 30

tropism

Back 30

growth or turning in response to stimuli

Front 31

hormones

Back 31

main chemical messengers, produced in one place in organism and transported to produce a response in another place

Front 32

6 major plant hormones

Back 32

1. auxin
2. cytokenins
3. gibberellins
4. brassinosteroids
5. abscisic acid
6. ethylene

Front 33

auxin

Back 33

hormone- used in plant growing towards light, chemical on dark side of apical meristem
-cell elongation (uses proton pumt to stimulate expansins and cause osmosis)
-lateral root formation
-cell division in vascular cambium
-produced by seeds for fruit development

Front 34

translocation

Back 34

through phloem, movement of sugar source to sink

Front 35

sporopollenin

Back 35

cover spores to protect from drying

Front 36

sporangia

Back 36

holds spores

Front 37

archegonic

Back 37

female multicellular gametangia, produces eggs

Front 38

antheridia

Back 38

male multicellular gametangia, produces sperm

Front 39

waxy cuticle

Back 39

creates water barrier to prevent dessication

Front 40

stomata

Back 40

microscopic pores in surface of plant, allows for gas to flow in and out

Front 41

bryophytes

Back 41

non-vascular plants ("moss plants"

Front 42

pteridophytes

Back 42

seedless vascular plants (ferns)

Front 43

sporangium

Back 43

brown spots on bottom of leaves

Front 44

gymnosperms

Back 44

"naked seeds" (ex:pine cones)

Front 45

angiosperms

Back 45

"covered seeds", flowering plants

Front 46

taproots

Back 46

lateral, in dicots and gymnosperms (ex: carrot)

Front 47

fibrous roots

Back 47

adventitious (many branches), in monocots and ferns

Front 48

stolons

Back 48

horizontal stems that grow along surface (ex: strawberry plants)

Front 49

bulbs

Back 49

vertical underground shoots, mostly leaves (ex: onion)

Front 50

tubers

Back 50

enlarged ends of rhizomes (ex: potatos, "eyes"= axilary buds at nodes)

Front 51

rhizomes

Back 51

horizontal stem that grows below surface or emerges and grows along surface (ex: ginger)

can connect plants (ex: aspen trees are connected by rhizomes so they change colors at same time)

Front 52

parenchyma

Back 52

plant cell, alive when mature, primary cell walls, functions= food storage, photosynthesis, metabolic functions

Front 53

collenchyma

Back 53

plant cell, alive when mature, unevenly thick walls, function= support

Front 54

sclerenchyma

Back 54

plant cell, dead when mature, rigid secondary walls (hard with lignin), function= support

Front 55

guard cells

Back 55

regulate size of opening according to environmental conditions

Front 56

parenchyma

Back 56

plant cell, alive when mature, primary cell walls and pith, functions= food storage, photosynthesis, metabolic functions

Front 57

collenchyma

Back 57

plant cell, alive when mature, unevenly thick walls, function= support

Front 58

sclerenchyma

Back 58

plant cell, dead when mature, rigid secondary walls (hard with lignin), function= support

Front 59

guard cells

Back 59

regulate size of opening according to environmental conditions

Front 60

mesophyll

Back 60

main location of photosynthesis in leaves

palisade= top layer
spongy= lower layer

Front 61

stomata

Back 61

tiny openings on the bottom of leaves that allows for the movement of gases

Front 62

florigen

Back 62

gene that makes protein product used in grafting