Bio 111-Ch.1 Sec.6

Front 1

Why is cell signaling important? (4)

Back 1

I. Coordinates individual behaviors
II. Responds to environments
III. Grow/Divide in concert with their neighbors
IV. Allows cells to determine their position in the body

Front 2

What are the two forms of cell signaling?

Back 2

I. Direct Cell-Cell signaling
II. Using secreted signal molecules

Front 3

What are the two forms of Direct cell signaling?

Back 3

I. Direct contact through cell junctions
II. Interaction of cell surface molecules

Front 4

What are the two types of cells that are part of the Secreted Signal Molecule method?

Back 4

I. Signal Cells
-sends signal molecules
II. Receiving Cells
-accepts signals

Front 5

What are the two types of receiving cells?

Back 5

I. Signals bind to intracellular receptor
II. Signals bind to cell surface receptors

Front 6

Four forms of signaling using secreted signal molecules

Back 6

I. Peracrine Signaling
II. Endocrine Signaling
III. Synaptic Signaling
IV. Autocrine Signaling

Front 7

Description of Peracrine Signaling

Back 7

-nearby cells
-short lived
-affects local area

Front 8

Description of Endocrine Signaling

Back 8

-uses hormones
-long distance
-secreted into blood stream

Front 9

Description of Synaptic Signaling

Back 9

-Used by nerves
-uses neurotransmitters

Front 10

Description of Autocrine Signaling

Back 10

-sending and target cells are the same type
-signal can affect both signaling and target cells
-used to make decisions for large groups of cells

Front 11

Describe cell surface receptors

Back 11

Lock and key

Front 12

General Structure of cell surface receptors

Back 12

I. Ligand-Binding domain (receptor outside membrane)
II. Transmembrane Domain (Inside plasma membrane)
III. Intracellular Domain (Inside the cell)

Front 13

General Mechanism of cell surface receptors

Back 13

When signal molecules bind, it activates the intracellular domain which activates a signal transduction pathway

Front 14

Three major classes of cell-surface receptors

Back 14

I. Gated Ion Channel
II. G Protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
III. Enzyme link receptors

Front 15

Describe GPCR

Back 15

Receptor activates G-protein which activates an effector which transmits a signal

Front 16

Describe Enzyme-link receptor

Back 16

receptor that works as an enzyme

Front 17

Steps of GPCR

Back 17

I. GPCR -> activates G-protein
II. Hydrolyze GDP -> GTP
III. Inactivate GPCR by hydrolysis of GTP -> GDP

Front 18

What is the first messenger?

Back 18

Secreted signal molecules

Front 19

What is the second messenger?

Back 19

molecule involved in signal transduction

Front 20

What are the two signaling pathways involving 2nd messengers?

Back 20

I. cAMP
II. IP3-mediated Ca+2

Front 21

cAMP is made from ATP by what?

Back 21

Adenylyl Cyclase

Front 22

How is cAMP formed?

Back 22

Adenylyl cyclase is bound to the membrane, which chops 2 phosphates from ATP forming AMP

Front 23

What are the steps of the cAMP pathway? (4)

Back 23

I. GPCR and signal bond
II. G protein binds to GPCR and switches GDP to GTP
III. G protein binds to Adenylyl cyclase which changes ATP to cAMP
IV. cAMP binds to target protein

Front 24

What are the steps of the IP3-mediated Ca+2 pathway? (7)

Back 24

I. GPCR activates G protein
II. G protein activates PLC
III. PLC cleaves PIP2 into DAG and IP3
IV. DAG activates PKC
V. IP3 releases Ca+2 from ER
VI. Ca+2 activates PKC and calmodulins
VII. PKC and calmodulins activate target proteins

Front 25

Two ways to terminate GPCR signaling

Back 25

I. Inactivate G protein
II. Inactivate GPCR

Front 26

Steps to deactivate G protein

Back 26

I. Hydrolyze GTP back to GDP

Front 27

Steps to deactivate GPCR

Back 27

I.Phosphorylate receptor
II. Arrestin protein binds receptor
III. Arrestin cause GPCR to release signal molecules

Front 28

What is the most common catalytic domain?

Back 28

Protein kinase

Front 29

Define kinase

Back 29

phophorylates specific molecules

Front 30

Define protein kinase

Back 30

phosphorylates proteins

Front 31

Phosphorilation by protein kinase involves what?

Back 31

ATP hydrolysis

Front 32

Define phosphatase

Back 32

removes phosphates

Front 33

How do you use phosphatase?

Back 33

Adding or taking away phosphate activates or inactivates proteins

Front 34

What are the two ways you regulate proteins?

Back 34

I.Stimulate phosphates (activates proteins by adding phosphates)
II. Inhibationary phophates (inactivates proteins by adding phosphates and protein kinase)

Front 35

How do Enzyme linked receptors cause a cellular response?

Back 35

They activate a phosphorylation cascade