Bio 111-Ch.1 Sec.3

Front 1

Define organic molecules

Back 1

contain carbon

Front 2

Importance of organic molecules (3)

Back 2

-Building blocks of life
-Serve as energy source
-Responsible for diversity of life

Front 3

Define Functional Groups

Back 3

Give specific properties to matter

Front 4

Four Major Classes of Organic Molecules

Back 4

i.carbohydrates
ii.lipids
iii.proteins
iv.nucleic acids

Front 5

Define dehydration synthesis

Back 5

Removes water to join molecules together

Front 6

Define hydrolysis

Back 6

Breaks molecules apart by adding water

Front 7

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

Back 7

(CH2O)n
n=number of carbons

Front 8

Types of carbohydrates (3)

Back 8

monosaccarides, disaccarides, polysaccarides

Front 9

What do carbs do in living things?

Back 9

Store energy, make energy and used as structural material

Front 10

Define structure of monosaccarides

Back 10

All carbons are bonded to H groups except ketone and aldose groups

Front 11

Define Ketone group

Back 11

Carbon bonded to an oxygen in the middle of a monosaccaride

Front 12

Define Aldose group

Back 12

Carbon bonded to an oxygen at the end of a monosaccaride

Front 13

Define Isomere

Back 13

Same chem formula, different 3D structure

Front 14

Define structural isomere

Back 14

Carbonyl group is in a different location

Front 15

Define stereo isomere

Back 15

Link is rotated 180 degrees

Front 16

What do monosaccarides provide for the body?

Back 16

energy production

Front 17

What do disaccarides provide for the body?

Back 17

energy storage

Front 18

How are disaccarides formed?

Back 18

Water is removed from two monosaccarides and they bond covalently

Front 19

2 forms of energy storage from polysaccarides

Back 19

Starch (plants) and Glycogen (animals)

Front 20

2 forms of structural material from polysaccarides

Back 20

Cellulose (plants) and Chitin (animals)

Front 21

What are the two forms of glucose that determines the difference between starch and cellulose?

Back 21

Alpha glucose (starch) and Beta glucose (cellulose)

Front 22

3 forms of Lipids

Back 22

i. Fats/oils
ii. Phospholipids
iii. Steroids

Front 23

What do lipids do in a body?

Back 23

Energy storage and insulation

Front 24

Structure of Fats/oils

Back 24

Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains

Front 25

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Back 25

Saturated: max number of hydrogens
Unsaturated: carbons have double bonds

Front 26

Define monounsaturated

Back 26

One double bond

Front 27

Define polyunsaturated

Back 27

multiple double bonds

Front 28

What do phospholipids do in the body?

Back 28

Form cell membrane

Front 29

Structure of phospholipids

Back 29

Glycerol backbone with two fatty acid tails

Front 30

What's special about the phospholipids?

Back 30

Amphipathic/polar head and nonpolar tail

Front 31

2 forms of phospholipids

Back 31

A. Micelle (circle)
B. Phospholipid bilayer

Front 32

Structure of steroids

Back 32

4 interconnecting rings

Front 33

What do steroids do in the body? (4)

Back 33

i. vitamins
ii. cholesterol
iii. hormones
iv. develop sex characteristics

Front 34

What is the general formula for amino acids?

Back 34

A carbon with an amino and carboxyl group attached

Front 35

What are three important amino acids?

Back 35

Proline (no free amino groups), Methionine (proteins start with this group) and cysteine (stabilizes protein structure)

Front 36

How are proteins made?

Back 36

Two amino acids are bonded together by dehydration synthesis

Front 37

Major types of proteins (6)

Back 37

A. Structural (support)
B. Regulatory (regulates cells process)
C. Signaling (communication)
D. Transport
E. Immune system (defense)
F. Enzymes (catalyst)

Front 38

What is the general Protein structure?

Back 38

Starts as a linear chain and then folds into complex shapes

Front 39

What are the structural levels of a protein? (4)

Back 39

i. Primary
ii. Secondary
iii. Tertieary
iv. Quaternary

Front 40

Define primary structure

Back 40

linear order of AA in a chain

Front 41

Define secondary structure

Back 41

localized bending involving hydrogen bonds in the backbone

Front 42

Two types of secondary structure

Back 42

i. Alpha Helix
ii. Beta Pleated Sheet

Front 43

Define motifs

Back 43

specific combo of secondary structure
ex. alpha beta alpha

Front 44

Define Terciary structure

Back 44

How you bind the chains together

Front 45

5 bonds in terciary structures

Back 45

H-bond, Ionic bond, Disulfide bridge, hydrophobic interactions and Vander Waals

Front 46

Define cuatenary structure

Back 46

How you fit terciary structures together

Front 47

Define Denaturation

Back 47

Proteins undergo unfolding and lose their shape

Front 48

What causes denaturation? (4)

Back 48

Extreme pH
Extreme heat
Reducing agent
Detergents

Front 49

What do nucleic acids do in the body?

Back 49

Store genetic information

Front 50

2 types of nucleic acids

Back 50

i. ribonucleic acids (RNA)
ii. deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)

Front 51

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Back 51

Nucleotides

Front 52

What are the components of nucleotides? (3)

Back 52

i. Pentose sugar
ii. Nitrogenous bases
iii. Phosphate

Front 53

What are the two main groups of nitrogenous bases?

Back 53

Purines and Pyrimidines

Front 54

What are the two Purines?

Back 54

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

Front 55

What are three Pyrimidines?

Back 55

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracile (U)

Front 56

Structure of DNA

Back 56

Sugar phosphate backbone with nitrogenous base rungs

Front 57

Structure of RNA

Back 57

single strand with uracile instead of thymine

Front 58

3 types of RNA

Back 58

mRNA, tRNA and rRNA