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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exaptation
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structures that evolve for one purpose, but later serve another function.
Ex. Bird feathers originating for temperature regulation, but later being adopted for flight. |
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Paedomorphosis
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Retention of juvenile features
Ex. Salamanders retaining gills instead of lungs (juvenile tadpole features) |
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Precambian SuperEon
4.6-542 billion years ago |
-4.6 bya: origin of earth
-4.2-3.85 bya: origin of prokaryotes (3.5 bya estimates of prokaryotic fossils) -3.4 bya: Photosynthesis -2.4 bya: Oxygen appears -2.0-3.5 bya: origin of eukaryotes (2.1 bya date of oldest eukaryotic fossil) |
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Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era
542-251 |
-542 mya: Origin of most ancestral animals (Cambrian explosion)
-488 mya: Plants and animals colonize land. -299 mya: Extinction event, extinction of many animals. Phanerozoic Eon: Mesozoic Era (251-65 mya)-200 mya: dinosaurs become dominant -65 mya: dinosaurs extinct |
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Phanerozoic Eon: Cenozoic Era
65 million years ago till now |
-1.8 mya: humans appear
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End of paleozoic era
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loss of marine life and terrestrial organisms.
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End of mesozoic era
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loss of dinosaurs
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Benefits to mass extinction
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-Diversification of other species
Ex. mammal species increasing after dinosaur extinction (previously prey for dinosaurs |
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Plate Tectonics Theory
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Earth’s surface consists of several rigid tectonic plates, that move or “ drift”.
-Continents were not always in current arrangement, and may at one time be submerged in oceans. |
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Pangaea
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Paleozoic; all continents on one land mass
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Gondwana and Laurasia
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Mesozoic; Pangaea split into two parts; diversification of organisms
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Cenozoic
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-Current arrangement of continents
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Taxonomy
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Naming and classifying species.
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Taxons
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Taxonomic levels
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Taxonomic levels: humans, broad to specific
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-Domain: Eukarya
-Kingdom: Animalia -Phylum: Chordata -Mammalia -Order: Primates -Family: Hominidae -Genus: Homo -Species: homosapiens (binomial) |
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Analagous structures
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Structures that come from different origins but have the same function.
-Cannot be used to group organisms Ex. Wings of bats, birds, and beetles |
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Convergent Evolution
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Produces similar adaptations in organisms thatdon’t share the same evolutionary lineage.
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Cladistics
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defines groups based on distinguishing between ancestral and derived characters.
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Ancestral characters
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Inherited traits that resemble those of common ancestor
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Derived characters
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Features not present in group’s ancestor -Builds on homology
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Clade
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Grouping of organisms formed on shared derived characteristics.
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Cladogram
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Diagram built on shared derived characteristics.
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1660s: Robert Hooke
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First to observe cells (plant); introduced the term “cell”.
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1670s-Antonie Van Leewenhoek
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First to observe microorganisms; “animalcues”.
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1800s- Louis Pasteur
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developed fermentation (microorganisms convert sugar to alcohol).
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Pasteurization
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heating to kill bacteria in liquid.
-First to observe specific bacteria caused disease |
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1928-Alexander Fleming
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Discovered antibiotic penicillin produced by fungus.
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1970- Carl Woese
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Three Domains of Life
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1953 Miller and Urey’s experiment
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Combined gases CH4 (methane), NH3 (ammonia), H2 (hydrogen) in flask
- these likely present on atmosphere in early earth. -Electrical sparks and heat applied |
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Formation of other organic molecules
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-Hot clays caused nucleotides to bond together, RNA formed, then proteins and DNA (produced by enzyme reverse transcriptase
- RNA to DNA) |
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Cell precursors
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-lipidsenclose nucleic acids
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Prokaryotic Microorganisms
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-Domain bacteria
-Domain Archaea -In both of these domains, microorganisms are multicellular. |
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Eukaryotic Microorganisms
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-Domain Eukarya
-Includes unicellular and some multicellular microorganisms |
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Prokaryotic cell basic structure
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-DNA in nucleoid form
-Cell Wall (in bacteria, made of peptidoglycan; carbohydrate and protein) |
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Prokaryotic cell other structures
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-Plasma membrane
-Ribosomes: protein production |
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Cell structure: Flagella
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Movement (ex. Toward light or food)
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Cell structure: Fimbrae
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attachment
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cell structure: Pilus
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attachment to transfer of genetic information (ex. Plasmids-small circular pieces of DNA)
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Cell structure: Glycocalyx
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polysaccharide layer for attachment or prevention of dehydration
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Cell structure: endospore
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Allows bacteria to tolerate harsh environment, entering “dormancy” phase.
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cell shape: Coccus
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(spherical); Ex. Staph or staphylococcus aureus
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cell shape: Bacillus
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(rod shaped); Ex. Escherichia coli
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cell shape: Spirillum
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(spiral); Ex. Trepnema pallidum, syphilis
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Comma shaped
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Ex. Vibrio Cholera
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Binary Fission
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basic cell division (asexual production)
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Heterotrophs
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Feed on organic matter
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Autotrophs
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Make own organic matter
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Photoautotroph
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Energy source; light , Carbon source; inorganic such as CO2.
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Photoheterotroph
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Energy source; light, Carbon source; organic such as glucose.
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Chemoautotroph
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Energy source; inorganic chemicals, Carbon source; inorganic such as CO2.
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chemoheterotroph
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Energy source; inorganic or organic chemicals, carbon source; organic like glucose for example.
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Obligate aerobes
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Require O2 for generating ATP in cellular respiration. (O2 is toxic)
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Faculative anaerobes
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can live with or without O2.
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Fermentative
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Can make ATP in absence of results of O2; results in production of acids and/or alcohols.
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