Bio Unit 4 Final

Front 1

What are four functions of the kidneys?

Back 1

1. filter: 200 liters of blood daily

2. regulate: volume and chemical makeup of blood

3. maintain: homeostasis of salts, acids, bases in water/blood

4. produce renin & erythropoetin

Front 2

What are the functions of the digestive system?

Back 2

Ingestion of food and nutrients, mechanical and chemical digestion, secretion and absorption, excretion, and defecation of feces

Front 3

What are the accessory organs?

Back 3

1. teeth: breaks down food

2. tongue: manipulates food

3. gall bladder: store and concentrate bile

4. salivary glands: contains hormones for saliva

5. Liver: secretion of bile

6. pancreas: secretes insulin and glucagon for digestion

Front 4

What is the composition and function of saliva?

Back 4

Saliva is a hypotonic solution (99.4% water) and is released by parasympathetic and sympathetic reflexes. Functions include: moistening food, initiate starch fat digestion, cleanses teeth, inhibits bacteria, and bind food into bolus

Front 5

What structural modifications does the wall of the stomach and small intestine have that enhances the digestive process?

Back 5

Contains 4 tunics. Lining epithelium is simple columnar epithelium composed entirely of mucous cells. Fibers run obliquely

Front 6

Distinguish between bolus and chyme?

Back 6

Bolus is food going from the mouth to the stomach.

Chyme is the semifluid paste of food particles and gastric juices formed by mixing and churning of the stomach

Front 7

What hormones are produced by the small intestine?

Back 7

Pancreatic lipase: digest fat

Trypsin: digest proteins to peptides

Maltase: completes the digestion of disaccharides

Front 8

What is the role of bile?

Back 8

Bile juice: reduces acidity of chyme, kills the germs and bacteria that are present in food, helps in emulsification of fats

Pancreatice Juice: contains enzymes that complete the digestion of starch, carry out about half of protein digestion, responsible for fat digestion, and digest nucleic acids

Front 9

What enzymes are involved in chemical digestion of proteins?

Back 9

Pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin

Front 10

What enzymes are involved in chemical digestion of lipids

Back 10

Lipase (lingual, gastric, and pancreatic lipase)

Front 11

What enzymes are involved in chemical digestion of carbs?

Back 11

salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrose, lactase, dextrinase, glucomylase

Front 12

Blood flow through kidney?

Back 12

Heart --> Renal Artery --> Segmental artery --> interlobar artery --> arcurate artery --> corticoradiate artery --> afferent arteriole --> glomerulus --> efferent arteriole --> peritubular capillary (or vasa recta) --> corticoradiate vein --> arcuate vein --> interlobar vein --> renal vein --> inferior vena cava --> heart

Front 13

Flow of tubular fluid/urine through the kidney?

Back 13

Glomerulus --> Bowman’s Capsule --> Proximal Convoluted Tubule --> Descending and Ascending limbs of the Loop of Henle --> Distal Convoluted Tubule --> Collecting Duct --> Papillary Duct --> Minor Calyx --> Major Calyx --> Renal Pelvis (widest part of the Ureters) --> Urinary Bladder --> Urethra

Front 14

What are the three different tissues of the kidney?

Back 14

1. Renal Capsule: fibrous capsule

2. Adipose tissue: cushion and protect the kidney

3. Renal Fascia: dense fibrous tissue that holds kidney in place

Front 15

What is the basic unit of the kidney?

Back 15

nephron

Front 16

What is the function of a nephron?

Back 16

-remove excess water and wastes, and other substances from blood

-return substances like sodium, potassium, or phosphorous whenever body runs low

Front 17

Describe a cortical nephron?

Back 17

-85% of nephrons

- short nephron loop

-peritubular capillaries communicate with PCT & DCT

-blood composition is the goal

Front 18

Describe a juxtamedullary nephron?

Back 18

-15% of nephrons

- long nephron loop

-uses vasa recta to communicate with loop

-urine concentration (conserving water)

Front 19

What is glomerular filtration rate?

Back 19

Is the total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidney's

Front 20

What is the role of aldosterone?

Back 20

Aldosterone is released by the kidney's from the glomerulosa and is used to signal the kidney's to retain or reabsorb sodium in the blood, and excrete potassium in the urine. By retaining/reabsorbing sodium, water is also retained because H20 is attracted to Na+

Front 21

What is the role of ADH?

Back 21

Anti-diuretic Homrone is a hormone that acts upon the kidney's to signal them to retain/reabsorb water into blood plasma.

Front 22

What are the four stages of filtration in the nephron?

Back 22

1. Heavy Blood Filtration: both desirables and waste products

2. Reabsorption: reclaiming desirables (H20, electrolytes, glucose, vitamins, amino acids)

3. Secretion: waste, acid-base balance, drug metabolytes (bad things back out of blood)

4. Urine concentration

Front 23

What type of membranes are found at each of the four sites of filtration in nephron?

Back 23

1. filtration: fenestrated capillary epitheliam

2. reabsorption: basement membrane: negatively charged

3. secretion: podocyte, filtration slits

Front 24

Where do each of the four steps of filtration happen in the nephron?

Back 24

1. glomerulus capsule

2. Proximal convoluted capsule

3. distal convoluted capsule

4. nephron loop & collecting duct

Front 25

What are the three ways that the kidney's control and stabilize glomerular filtration rate?

Back 25

1. Renal Autoregulation

2. Nervous system

3. Hormonal

Front 26

What are the two renal autoregulation mechanisms?

Back 26

1. Myogenic: The smooth muscle within the afferent arterioles constrict in response to stretch from increased blood flow (or blood pressure) to reduce large changes in filtration rate

2. Tubulogomerular: Tubuloglumerular feedback involves the JGA. The macula densa in the DCT detects electrolyte concentration in filtration leaving the ascending limp of nephron loop. Depending on the concentration of Na+ and other electrolytes the macula densa will then send a message to the JG and mesengial cells. The JG cells in response to the macula densa will either constrict or dilate afferent arterioles to increase or lower blood pressure. The mesengial cells will respond the same way, but instead focus on constricting or relaxing the glomerulus.

Front 27

What are the effects of renin-angiotensin on systemic blood pressure?

Back 27

Renin-Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by:

1. signaling the hypothalamus to increase thirst and release ADH which helps to increase water and blood volume in the body which leads to increased BP

2. Vasoconstriction of the blood vessels

3. Aldosterone release: signals the kidney's to retain Na+, helping to again increase water and blood volume

4. Decrease blood pressure in peritubular capillaries so that they can readily uptake Na+ and H20

5. Decrease GFR by having mesengial cells constrict the glomerulus

Front 28

How does the nervous system control and stabilize GFR?

Back 28

Using the sympathetic nervous system the body's blood pressure increases, so sympathetic nerves decrease GFR by constricting afferent arterioles and letting blood go to muscles instead of kidney's

Front 29

Explain formation of dilute?

Front 30

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

Back 30

serves to produce sperm and introduce them into the female body

Front 31

explain the source and function of semen?

Back 31

semen is a milky white, somewhat sticky mixture consisting of seminal vesicle fluid, prostatic fluid, and sperm and spermatic duct secretions. Semen provides a transport medium for sperm

Front 32

31. Urine passes through the ____

A. renal pelvis to the bladder to the ureter

B. renal pelvis to the ureter to bladder to urethra

C. glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule

D. pelvis to urethra to bladder

Back 32

B. renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra

Front 33

32. An increase in the permeability of the collecting duct to water is due to

A. a decrease in ADH

B. an increase in ADH

C. an increase in aldosterone

D. a decrease in blood plasma

Back 33

an increase in ADH

Front 34

33.The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin by a decrease in the blood pressure.

A. when the peritubular capillaries are dilated

B. when the pH of the urine decreases

C. by a decrease in the blood pressure

D. by an increase in the blood pressure

Back 34

a decrease in the blood pressure

Front 35

blood vessels of the renal column are called:

A. lobar

B. segmental

C. interloba

D. arcurate

Back 35

interlobar

Front 36

35. The descending limb of the nephron loop ______

A. is not permeable to water

B. is freely permeable to sodium and urea

C. pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule

D. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

Back 36

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

Front 37

36. Which of the following glands are responsible for 60% of semen production?

A. seminal vesicles

B. bulbourethral gland

C. prostate

D. pituitary

Back 37

A. seminal vesicles

Front 38

Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropin?

A. LH

B. FSH

C. GnRH

d. testosterone

Back 38

C. GnRH

Front 39

Cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called?

a. spermatocytes

b. spermatogonia

c. sustentacular cells

d. interstitial cells

Back 39

D. interstitial cells

Front 40

What are the primary sex organs?

Back 40

the gonads: the ovary and testes

Front 41

What are the ovary and testes in charge of?

Back 41

making gametes and hormones

Front 42

what are sex cells produced by each parent?

Back 42

gametes

Front 43

what is a fertilized egg that has a combination of both parent's genes?

Back 43

zygote

Front 44

what does the female reproduction system serve to do?

Back 44

Produce eggs, receives sperm, provides for the union of the gametes, harbors the fetus, and nourishes the offspring

Front 45

What is a bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the ductus deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve

Back 45

spermatic cord

Front 46

What temperature can sperm be produced in?

Back 46

35

Front 47

What are strips of the internal abdominal oblique muscle that enmesh the spermatic cord, and during cold temperatures contract and draw testes up

Back 47

Cremaster muscle

Front 48

What is the subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle that contracts when it's cold, wrinkling the scrotum, holding testes against warm body

Back 48

dartos muscle

Front 49

What is the extensive network of veins from the testes that surround the testicular artery and spermatic cord

Back 49

pampiniform plexus

Front 50

Combined endocrine and exocrine glands that produce sex hormones and sperm?

Back 50

testes

Front 51

What tubules convey sperm to the rete testis

Back 51

seminiferous tubules

Front 52

What cells make/produce testosterone?

Back 52

interstitial cells

Front 53

What tubules produce the sperm?

Back 53

seminiferous tubules

Front 54

What is the site for sperm maturation and storage (fertile for 40 to 60 days)

Back 54

epididymis

Front 55

What is the traveling tube from the testes to the seminal vesicle?

Back 55

ductus vas deferens

Front 56

What is the duct formed from ductus deferens and seminal vesicle and passing through prostrate to empty into urethra

Back 56

ejaculatory duct

Front 57

what are the accessory glands?

Back 57

seminal vesicle

prostate gland

bulbourethral glands

Front 58

What forms 60% of semen and provides transport

Back 58

seminal vesicle

Front 59

what gland produces "pre-cum" to clean out urethra?

Back 59

bulbourethral gland

Front 60

what body tissue of the penis runs along the ventral side and opens up the urethra?

Back 60

corpus spongiosum

Front 61

what body tissue of the penis holds deep arteries and runs along the top?

Back 61

corpus cavernosa

Front 62

What is the sequence of events that produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes?

Back 62

spermatogenesis

Front 63

What is gamete formation completed by, in which the number of chromosomes is halved?

Back 63

meiosis

Front 64

what actives sperm to start swimming and contributes to 30%?

Back 64

prostate gland

Front 65

what lies along the periphery of the seminiferous tubules and divide by mitosis?

Back 65

spermatogonia

Front 66

Describe spermatogenesis:

Back 66

Spermatogonia divide into:

Type A spermatogonium & Type B spermtogonium

Then:

Type B enlarges and becomes primary spermatocyte

Which then divides into secondary spermatocytes

When they then divide into four spermatids

Front 67

what is the process where the four spermatids divide no further, but undergo a transformation in which it differentiates into spermatozoon?

Changes that transform spermatids into spermatoza

Back 67

spermiogenesis

Front 68

How many parts does spermatozoon have?

Back 68

Two parts: head and tail

Front 69

Why is testosterone important?

Back 69

Spermatogenesis and male fertility are dependent upon the presence of testosterone in the tests. In the absence of testosterone or the androgen receptor, spermatogenesis does not proceed beyond the meiosis stage.

Front 70

Describe the menstrual cycle?

Back 70

Puberty is triggered by rising levels of GnRH which stimulates anterior lobe of pituitary to produce: FSH and LH

FSH stimulates developing ovarian follicles and they begin to secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and small amount of androgen.

Estrogens are feminizing hormones with widespread effects on the bodyEstradiol (most abundant), estriol, and estrone.

Front 71

What are the physiological effects of estrogen and progesterone?

Back 71

Progesterone: has one crucial role in preparing the uterus for the possibility of pregnancy

Estrogen: rising levels inhibit the release of FSH and LH; it also stimulates mitosis in the stratum basalis and the prolific regrowth of blood vessels regenerating the functionalis; also stimulates endometrial cells to produce progesterone receptors

Front 72

Describe hormonal interactions during ovulation?

Back 72

1. estradiol stimulates surge of LH and small spike of FSH

2. LH induces several events: primary oocyte completes meiosis; produces secondary oocyte and first polar body

Front 73

what is the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of its egg and attendant cells

Back 73

ovulation

Front 74

list the stages of the menstrual cycle?

Back 74

1. proliferation phase

2. secretory phase

3. premenstrual phase

4. menstrual phase