Bio 102 Ch. 31

Front 1

What are two advantages of sexual reproduction?

Back 1

Genetic Variation

Higher Survival rate

Front 2

What are two advantages of asexual?

Back 2

Less energy

Don't have to find a mate

Front 3

What are two differences in the seed germinationin a typical monocot?

Back 3

Growth pattern is straight up

Cotyledon stays underground

Front 4

What are two differences in the seed germination in a typical eudicot?

Back 4

Growth pattern grows in a curved shape

Cotyledon come out of ground

Front 5

What two factors may cause seed germination?

Back 5

Water availability

TemperaturepH

Sun Exposure

Nutrient availability

Front 6

Where do seeds get energy from?

Back 6

Nutritive Tissue

Front 7

What are fruits?

Back 7

A mature plant ovary

Front 8

What are the three major parts of a seed?

Back 8

Seed coat

Embryo

Nutritive Tissue

Front 9

Are the endosperm andzygote diploid or triploid?

Back 9

Diploid

Front 10

Are the endospermmother cell and egg haploid or diploid?

Back 10

Mother cell: diploid

Egg: haploid

Front 11

How many cells andnuclei are found in the embryo sac?

Back 11

7 cells

8 nuclei

Front 12

How many rounds of cytokinesis occur?

Back 12

6

Front 13

How many rounds mitosis without cytokinesis occur?

Back 13

3

Front 14

How many megaspores are created from one megaspore mother cell?

Back 14

4 but only one survives

Front 15

What are generative cells?

Back 15

Pollen grain that divides to produce two male gamete nuclei

Front 16

What are tube cells?

Back 16

Create the pathway for the generative cell to travel to the ovule

Front 17

How many pollen grains are created from one microspore mother cell?

Back 17

4

Two cells present in a typical pollen grain

Front 18

What is endosperm?

Back 18

The part of a seed that acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo, usually containing starch with protein and other nutrients

Front 19

What are the ovules?

Back 19

The part of the ovary of seed plants that contains the female germ cell and after fertilization becomes the seed

Front 20

What is double fertilization?

Back 20

The formation of a diploid zygote and a triploid nucleus

Front 21

How are embryo sacs produced?

Back 21

Megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis and creates a megaspore within the ovule

Megaspore then undergoes three rounds of mitosis without undergoing cytokinesis

Then undergoes six rounds of cytokinesis creating a mature embryo sac which consists of six eggs and an endosperm mother cell

Front 22

How are pollen grains produced?

Back 22

Microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis and creates microspores within the anther

Each spore then undergoes mitosis to become multicellular

Multicellular gametophyte(pollen) is then ready to be released

Front 23

What is germination?

Back 23

The process by which a plant grows from a seed

Front 24

What is fertilization?

Back 24

Fertilization is the process of fusion of the male and female gametes to develop a new individual

Front 25

What is pollination?

Back 25

Process by which pollen is transferred from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part) of the plant

Front 26

Lifecycle of a generalized angiosperm?

Back 26

Fertilization occurs in an ovule

The ovary develops into a fruit

The ovule develops into the seed containing the embryo

The seed then germinates in a suitable habitat

Embryo develops into a seedling and grows into a mature plant

Front 27

What is the Carpel made up of?

Back 27

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Front 28

What is the Stamen made up of?

Back 28

Anther

Filament

Front 29

Four types of leaves in flowers?

Back 29

Sepal

Petal

Stamen

Carpel

Front 30

What is the function of Sapwood?

Back 30

Transports xylem fluid(sap)

Front 31

What is the function of Heartwood?

Back 31

stores resins and wastes

made up of old layers of secondary xylem

secondary phloem near the vascular cambium and transports sugars

Front 32

What is the function of Wood Rays?

Back 32

transport water and nutrients

store organic nutrient

aid in wound repair

Front 33

What is the function of Bark?

Back 33

Provides protection for the tree

Front 34

What is Cork cambuim?

Back 34

The region that produces additional cells for secondary growth

Adds cork to the exterior

Front 35

What is wood?

Back 35

secondary xylem produced by the lateral meristem

Front 36

What is Secondary growth?

Back 36

Growth in thickness of stems and roots

Front 37

What is the Lateral Meristem?

Back 37

area that lies between primary xylem and phloem that helps with lateral growth

Front 38

What is the Vascular Cambium?

Back 38

is a plant tissue located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards to the bark)

Front 39

What is the function of the root cap?

Back 39

Dense tissue to protect the zone of cell division

Front 40

What are the different zone of the root tip?

Back 40

cell division

elongation

differentation

Front 41

What is the Meristem?

Back 41

growth tissue

Front 42

What is primary growth?

Back 42

growth in the up and down directions

Front 43

Function of Parenchyma?

Back 43

Metabolic functions of the plants

One thin cell wall

Front 44

Funtion of Collenchyma?

Back 44

Provide flexible support in growing parts of the cell

Have one thickened primary cell wall

Front 45

Function of Sclerenchyma?

Back 45

Dead cells provided support for phloem

Contain a thick secondary cell wall made up of ligin

Front 46

What are Tracheids?

Back 46

Xylem cells that are tapered shaped

Front 47

What are Vessel Elements?

Back 47

Xylem cells that are more cylinder like

Front 48

What are Sieve-tube elements?

Back 48

Functional unit of phloem that living and move nutrients within the plant

Front 49

What are companion cells?

Back 49

Perform routine functions of the cell including getting the sugars to other locations

Front 50

What are Sieve plates?

Back 50

ending plates to sieves tubes

Front 51

What is Epidermis?

Back 51

Outer layer

Front 52

What is the cuticle?

Back 52

Waxy outer covering to prevent water loss

Front 53

What are Guard Cells?

Back 53

The surrounding of the stoma opening

Front 54

What are Stomata?

Back 54

The openings on the underside of the plant that allows the exchange of O2 and CO2

Front 55

What is Mesophyll?

Back 55

leaf ground tissue

Front 56

What is the pith?

Back 56

Ground tissue toward the center of the stem

Front 57

What is the cortex?

Back 57

Ground tissue toward the outside of the stem

Front 58

What is a vascular cylinder?

Back 58

Area that contains both xylem and phloem in the center of the plant

Front 59

What are the veins?

Back 59

The ways to move materials throughout the plant(xylem and phloem)

Front 60

What is xylem?

Back 60

Moves water in the leaf from root to shoot

Front 61

What is Phloem?

Back 61

Moves sugars in the leaf from root to shoot or vice versa

Front 62

What is the Endodermis?

Back 62

One cell layer around the vascular cylinder barrier that prevents osmosis

Front 63

What are Vascular Bundles?

Back 63

Group of tissue that includes xylem and phloem

Front 64

What are the three plan tissue systems?

Back 64

Ground

Dermal

Vascular

Front 65

What is the function of root hairs?

Back 65

increase surface area

Front 66

What is the function of blades

Back 66

increase surface area

Front 67

What are Petioles?

Back 67

Connection between the stem and blade

Front 68

What are Nodes?

Back 68

When something branches off of the shoot system

Front 69

What are Internodes?

Back 69

The distance between nodes

Front 70

What are Terminal buds?

Back 70

Where primary growth occurs(very extremes of the plant)

Front 71

What are Axillary buds?

Back 71

a small region where grown will occur(where there are existing leaves)

Front 72

What are the three basic plant organs?

Back 72

Roots

Stems

Leaves

Front 73

What is the shoot system?

Back 73

Above ground and includes the organs such as leaves, buds, stems, flowers (if the plant has any), and fruits (if the plant has any)

Front 74

What are the functions of the shoot system?

Back 74

Reproduction

Photosynthesis

Storage

Front 75

What is the root system?

Back 75

Includes those parts of the plant below ground, such as the roots, tubers, and rhizomes

Front 76

What are the functions of the root system?

Back 76

Nutrient Uptake

Oxygen Uptake

Front 77

What are the two major groups of angiosperms?

Back 77

Monocots

Eudicots

Front 78

Characteristics of Monocots?

Back 78

One seed leaf (cotyledons)

Parallel leaf venation

Scattered vascular bundles

Flower parts in threes or multiples of threes

Fibrous roots

Front 79

Characteristics of Eudicots?

Back 79

Two seed leaves (cotyledons)

Branched leaf venation

A ring of vascular bundles

Flower parts in four or fives

Taproot system

Front 80

What are two defining characteristics of plants?

Back 80

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

Special organelles (chloroplasts, cell wall etc.)

Non motile

Front 81

What are stolons?

Back 81

horizontal connections between organisms

Front 82

What are rhizomes?

Back 82

continuously growing horizontal underground stem that puts out lateral shoots and adventitious roots at intervals.

Front 83

What are tubers?

Back 83

a much thickened underground part of a stem or rhizome, e.g., in the potato, serving as a food reserve and bearing buds from which new plants arise.