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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evolution of bilateral body plans was accompanied by cephalization, which means having a _____.
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head
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The central nervous system is differentiated from the peripheral nervous system because the CNS encompasses the ________ and the PNS encompasses the ________.
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brain and spinal cord/cranial and spinal nerves
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Input of information to neurons is usually through ________.
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the cell body or dendrites
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Sodium-potassium pumps move positively-charged sodium ions out of the cell and bring positively-charged potassium ions in. What effect does this have on the resting membrane potential of the cell?
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The membrane potential becomes negative inside because three Na+ exit for every two K+ that enter.
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The instant that the threshold is reached in the trigger zone of a neuron, then gated ________ channels open, allowing the ions to stream ________.
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Na+ / into the cell
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The concentration of ions is restored to normal after an action potential by the ________ pump.
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sodium/potassium
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The gap between the output region of one neuron and the input region of an adjacent neuron or muscle cell is called a ________.
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synaptic cleft
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Which of these neurotransmitters induces skeletal muscle contraction?
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acetylcholine
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What are some of the effects of long-tern addiction to cocaine?
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only cocaine can bring about a sense of pleasure
causes high blood pressure and risk of stroke or heart attack; results in widespread reduction of brain activity |
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All major addictive drugs stimulate the release of ________.
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dopamine
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Which neuroglial cells produce the myelin sheath?
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Schwann cells
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Which neuron types are required for a reflex arc?
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motor neurons and sensory neurons
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What are the are responses to sympathetic outflow?
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Hear rate increases
Pupils of eyes dialate Glandular secretions descrease in airways to the lungs Salivary gland secretions thicken Stomach and intestinal movements slow down Sphincters contract |
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What are the components of the gray matter in the spinal cord?
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Cell bodies
Dendrites Unsheathed axons of neurons and neuroglia |
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Which parts of the human brain is most involved in regulating heartbeat, respiration, and other essential tasks?
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medulla oblongata
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Which of the following substances cannot breach the blood-brain barrier?
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urea
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The largest area of the primary motor cortex is devoted to processing signals from the ________.
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face and hands
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Which funcions involve the limbic system?
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emotions
memory olfaction |
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The most abundant cells in the brain are ________.
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astrocytes
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What are some characteristics of nerve growth factors?
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Stimulates neurons to form additional synapses
Is secreted from one cell in order to bind to receptors on target cells Does not cause most nerve cells to divide |
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_____ relay messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.
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Motor neurons
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When a neuron is at rest, _____.
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the sodium-potassium pump is operating
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Action potentials occur when _____.
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A neuron receives adequate stimulation
More and more sodium gates open |
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Neurotransmitters are released by _____.
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axon endings
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The most abundant cells in the brain are _____.
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astrocytes
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Skeletal muscles are controlled by _____.
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somatic nerves
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When you sit quietly on the couch and read, output from the _____ system prevails.
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parasympathetic
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Skeletal muscles contract in response to
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ACh
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The cerebrum is part of the _____.
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forebrain
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start of brain, spinal cord
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neural tube
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connects the hemispheres
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corpus callosum
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protects the brain and spinal cord from some toxins
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blood-brain barrier
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type of signaling molecule
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neurotransmitter
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support team for neurons
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neuroglia
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stetch-sensitive receptor
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muscle spindle
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roles in emotion, memory
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limbic system
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most complex integration
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cerebral cortex
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unmyelinated axons and cell bodies
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gray matter
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