Bio 1010 Exam 1

Front 1

Cellulose, glycogen, and starch are all

Back 1

polysaccharides

Front 2

What distinguishes hypotheses and theories from scientific laws?

Back 2

Hypotheses and theories both provide potential explanations of how the natural world works, whereas laws simply state repeatable relationships

Front 3

After glucose in the bloodstream is used up, which polymer provides endurance athletes with a relatively quick source of additional glucose during prolonged exercise? (it is stored in muscles and has branches)

Back 3

glycogen

Front 4

Why can hypotheses never be proven absolutely true?

Back 4

Untested alternative hypotheses might provide a better answer to the research question.

Front 5

Enzymes

Back 5

increase the activation energy necessary for a reaction to occur

Front 6

What is the best outcome of a medical research experiment?

Back 6

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled experiment provides clear results (support or rejection of predictions)

Front 7

What type of atom is most likely to form a covalent chemical bond?

Back 7

The one that whose outer electron shell is only half full (i.e., 4/8)

Front 8

Phospholipids make possible which unique characteristic of life?

Back 8

Maintenance of a highly regulated interior space that differs from surrounding environment

Front 9

The most effective control subjects in a test of an experimental treatment are

Back 9

treated the same as experimental subjects but not given the experimental treatment

Front 10

What does it mean to say that experimental results are peer reviewed?

Back 10

The results are analyzed by other scientists before they are published

Front 11

Which class of molecules can act as chemical messengers (hormones) in the body?

Back 11

Proteins and lipids

Front 12

NOT an example of homeostasis

Back 12

Body temperature: during the winter, the core body temperature of most hibernating snakes drops down to the same temperature as their surrounding environment

Front 13

Statistics are an important tool in scientific research because

Back 13

they help scientists distinguish between results that are caused by their experimental treatment from those that result from chance variation

Front 14

Atoms which are only one electron away from having a full outer electron shell are most likely to form what kind of chemical bond?

Back 14

ionic

Front 15

What would be considered a primary scientific source?

Back 15

Yvonne publishes part of her doctoral research in a major scientific journal after two months of peer review and revision

Front 16

Which biological molecule is used to store information in living organisms that is passed to their offspring?

Back 16

DNA

Front 17

The atomic number of an element indicates how many protons (and usually an equal number of electrons) that element possesses. Which of the following atoms could accept two (and only two) electrons?

Back 17

Oxygen (atomic number=8)

Front 18

What two types of chemical bonds are relatively weak to the third?

Back 18

Hydrogen and ionic are weak compared to covalent

Front 19

Individuals who suffer from lactose intolerance consume a medication called Lactaid to ease their symptoms. Based on what you know about the basis of lactose intolerance, what is the most likely way by which this medication works?

Back 19

provides a small quantity of lactase enzyme to break the disaccharide bond before it reaches your intestines.

Front 20

Life on Earth is based on the chemistry of carbon because it can form covalent bonds with as many as ______ other atoms

Back 20

4

Front 21

What is NOT a characteristic of a hypothesis?

Back 21

Hypotheses are supported by large amounts of observational and experimental evidence

Front 22

Which type of biological molecule is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides?

Back 22

Nucleic acids

Front 23

What lipids possess a glycerol head and fatty acid tails?

Back 23

Phospholipid

Front 24

Amino acids

Back 24

are chemically linked by covalent peptide bonds

Front 25

The scientific method is used to

Back 25

answer specific questions about the natural world

Front 26

A ________ is a factor in an experiment that can be manipulated to explore cause and effect relationship.

Back 26

variable

Front 27

Trans-fats are considered unhealthy because

Back 27

after the process of hydrogenation, the unsaturated fatty acid tails are straight

Front 28

An experiment is called double-blind when

Back 28

neither the subjects nor the researchers know who is in the experimental and control groups

Front 29

Enzymes are

Back 29

proteins

Front 30

Correlations are less convincing than controlled experimental results because correlations

Back 30

do not eliminate as many alternative hypotheses as experiments

Front 31

Phospholipids assemble into two layers because the fatty acid tails are _____________ and the phosphate head is _____________.

Back 31

Hydrophobic; hydrophilic

Front 32

A situation which is designed to test a prediction is called a _____________.

Back 32

experiment

Front 33

In cases where experimentation with humans would be considered unethical, scientists often use ________ organisms such as mice and fruit flies.

Back 33

model

Front 34

Scientists reduce the effects of chance variation among their subjects by ____________.

Back 34

replication

Front 35

The _______ is the fundamental structural unit of life on Earth.

Back 35

cell

Front 36

Humans have been shown to exhibit improvement of symptoms when given fake medical treatments; hence, a common control used in biomedical studies is to give test subjects a ________.

Back 36

placebo

Front 37

Facts

Back 37

simple statement that is known to be true through direct observation (there are 3 squirrel nests in my backyard)

Front 38

Laws

Back 38

concise verbal or mathematical ways of describing relationships among observable phenomena. Repeatable: no exceptions. Implies a causal relationship. (law of gravity, Newton's laws, etc)

Front 39

How do laws differ from theories?

Back 39

Laws do not propose an explanation, whereas a theory does.

Front 40

Theory

Back 40

a broad explanation for a wide range of related facts, observations or phenomena that is well supported. Multiple lines of evidence. Generates expectations about what we should observe in certain situations (testable predictions). NOT tentative!

Front 41

Hypothesis

Back 41

A tentative explanation of a natural phenomenon. Based on prior experience, scientific background knowledge (law, theory, model), preliminary observations and logic. Unproven. Generates predictions-testable and falsifiable

Front 42

Statistically Significant

Back 42

refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to have occurred by chance alone

Front 43

control

Back 43

an experimental unit that does not receive the treatment

Front 44

chance variation

Back 44

natural variation in how things respond to treatments. Avoid by having replication

Front 45

sampling error

Back 45

difference between results derived from testing an entire group of events or individuals, and results derived from testing a subset of the group

Front 46

The problem of variation:

Back 46

determining if differences are real

Front 47

replication

Back 47

several experimental units exposed to treatment and control

Front 48

bias

Back 48

conscious or subconscious preference to do experiment a certain way. Avoid by randomly assigning experimental units to treatments

Front 49

honest mistakes

Back 49

can't know everything about a system. avoid by peer review

Front 50

peer review

Back 50

experts in field examine and suggest improvements

Front 51

dishonesty

Back 51

deliberate falsification of observations. Avoid by repeating work: other scientists attempt to replicate work

Front 52

The Atom

Back 52

The smallest units into which a substance can be broken

Front 53

monomer

Back 53

small molecular subunit that bind together to make polymers

Front 54

polymer

Back 54

large molecules composed of multiple monomers

Front 55

Our diet is mostly

Back 55

polymers

Front 56

Carbohydrates (monomer)

Back 56

monomers - simple sugar (monosaccharide) a ring of 5-6 carbon atoms. Sweet to taste

Front 57

Glucose is an example of a _________

Back 57

monosaccharide carbohydrate

Front 58

Carbohydrates (polymer)

Back 58

polymers: polysaccharides or complex sugars. Chains of simple sugars, not sweet to taste

Front 59

Cellulose is an example of _________

Back 59

polysaccharide carbohydrate

Front 60

Glucose

Back 60

primary source of energy, critical for function of nervous system

Front 61

starch

Back 61

primary energy storage in plants, digestion breaks it down to get glucose

Front 62

glycogen

Back 62

primary energy storage in animals, starch -> glucose -> glycogen, stored in liver and muscles (distance runners)

Front 63

Cellulose (a fiber)

Back 63

structural skeleton for plant cells, most abundant organic molecule on earth, cannot be digested by humans, but important for good health (LDL cholesterol, intestinal health)

Front 64

Functions of lipids

Back 64

form barriers (cell membranes), store energy, provide insulation, cushion vital organs

Front 65

Types of lipids

Back 65

fats, phospholipids, steroids

Front 66

fats

Back 66

made of a glycerol molecule and 3 long fatty acid tails. can be saturated or unsaturated

Front 67

saturated fats

Back 67

straight carbon chains, solid at room temp, leading cause of heart disease, found in meat and cheese

Front 68

unsaturated fats

Back 68

kinks in the H-C chain, liquid at room temp, healthier source of lipids, transfats are straight and unhealthy

Front 69

phospholipids

Back 69

has a water-soluble head and 2 hydrophobic tails, makes up cell membranes

Front 70

steroids

Back 70

made up of 4 carbon rings, estrogen and testosterone, cholesterol-- (required to make cell membranes fluid, required to produce other steroids, too much causes plaque in the veins)

Front 71

monomers in proteins are _______

Back 71

amino acids

Front 72

Protein chemical structure:

Back 72

amine group, carboxyl group, unique side groups (polar vs. nonpolar)

Front 73

how many types of amino acids in organisms?

Back 73

20

Front 74

essential vs non-essential amino acids

Back 74

essential: must obtain from diet (adults need 8)

non-essential: synthesized by the organism (adults have 12)

Front 75

polymers in proteins:

Back 75

polypeptides- chains of amino acids linked with peptide bonds

Front 76

each protein has a specific sequence of ....

Back 76

amino acids that make a chain

Front 77

Change the sequence of amino acids and you ....

Back 77

change the 3D shape- changes function

Front 78

READ NOTES FROM...

Back 78

9-11

Front 79

Nucleic Acids- monomers

Back 79

nucleotides

Front 80

Nucleic acids have 3 part structure

Back 80

phosphate, sugar, base

Front 81

Nucleic acids - polymers

Back 81

nucleic acids

Front 82

Nucleotides link in two ways

Back 82

phosphate/sugar "backbones" & base "rungs"

Front 83

Types of nucleic acids

Back 83

DNA & RNA & ATP

Front 84

DNA

Back 84

deoxyribuse sugar, double stranded polymer, stores information

Front 85

RNA

Back 85

ribose sugar, single stranded polymer, converts stored info into proteins

Front 86

What are good characteristics of life?

Back 86

uses energy, reproduction

Front 87

Primary and secondary sources

Back 87

Primary sources are written by researchers; secondary sources are written by book authors, news reporters and advertisers

Front 88

What type of bond occurs when electrons are transferred between atoms?

Back 88

ionic bonds

Front 89

Which of the four classes of organic molecules is not listed in nutrition information?

Back 89

nucleic acids

Front 90

four classes of organic molecules

Back 90

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Front 91

What serves as the major source of energy for cells?

Back 91

Carbohydrates

Front 92

What class of molecules encompasses fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids?

Back 92

Lipids

Front 93

REVIEW

Back 93

REEF QUESTIONS

Front 94

ATP

Back 94

monomer, energy currency inside cells

Front 95

Human DNA

Back 95

total of 3.2 billion rungs. 80 billion miles

Front 96

How many chromosomes do we have in every cell?

Back 96

46 chromosomes - 23 different types

Front 97

alleles

Back 97

different versions of genes

Front 98

cell

Back 98

the fundamental structural unit of life on Earth

Front 99

3 main parts of a cell

Back 99

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA

Front 100

Prokaryotic

Back 100

small, structurally simple (no membrane-bound internal structures)

Front 101

Eukaryotic

Back 101

larger, specialized internal structures (nucleus and organelles)

Front 102

Genes are segments of DNA that contain the information to make (a.k.a "code for") _______.

Back 102

proteins

Front 103

Alternative forms of the same gene are called ____.

Back 103

alleles

Front 104

pileup of cells is called _____

Back 104

tumor (neoplasm)

Front 105

What is cancer?

Back 105

cell divides when it should not to form a mass of cells with no function

Front 106

Benign tumors _________ surrounding tissue.

Back 106

do not affect

Front 107

malignant tumors ______ surrounding tissue.

Back 107

invade

Front 108

metastasis

Back 108

cancer cells break away and resume growing in new distant location