Behavioral Sciences: Chapter 5

Front 1

This is the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions.

Back 1

Motivation

Front 2

What is extrinsic motivation?

Back 2

Extrinsic motivation is any external force (that includes rewards or punishments) that drives us to accomplish or not accomplish something.

Front 3

This is motivation that comes from withing oneself. Such as wanting to learn how to paint so they can paint for the joy of it.

Back 3

Intrinsic motivation

Front 4

These are innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.

Back 4

Instincts

Front 5

This theory of motivation claims that people are driven to perform certain behaviors based on a biological disposition.

Back 5

This would be the instinct theory of motivation.

Front 6

This theory of motivation proposes that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

Back 6

This is the arousal theory.

Front 7

This law postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance.

Back 7

The yerkes dodson law

Front 8

These are internal states that activate particular behaviors gocused on goals.

Back 8

These are drives

Front 9

This theory states that himans are driven to perform functions to reduce the state of internal tension inside of them.

Back 9

This is the drive reduction theory

Front 10

What is the difference between secondary drives and primary drives?

Back 10

Primary drives are those that notivate the organisms to complete tasks needed to live. Secondary goals are thought to stem from learningm such as the desire for nurturing, acceptance, and love.

Front 11

Through this lens, motivation can be described as how we allocate our energy and resources to best satisfy these needs.

Back 11

Need based theories.

Front 12

This need based theory proposes that the need to be in control of ones life, and the need to be conpetent and efficient needs to proceed healthy relationships and friendships.

Back 12

This is the self-determination theory (SDT)

Front 13

What are the four primary factors that influence motivation?

Back 13

Needs

Instincts

Arousal

Drive

Front 14

What is incentive theory of motivation?

Back 14

Incentive theory of motivation explains that behavior is not motivated by needs or arousal, but by the desire to persue rewards and avoid punishment.

Front 15

What is the expectancy-value theory of motivation?

Back 15

The expectancy-value theory of motivation proposes that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the both the result of an individuals expectation of success in reaching that goal and the degree to which they value succeeding at the goal.

Front 16

This theory says that there will be physiological changes to prolonged drug use, such as irritability and jitterness when going through alcohol withdrawls.

Back 16

Opponent-process theory

Front 17

What are the three elements of emotion?

Back 17

The physical response

The behavioral response

The cognitive response

Front 18

What do behavioral responses of emotion entail?

Back 18

Behavioral responses of emotion include facial expressions and body language. This is the behavior that is shown.

Front 19

What does the cognitive response porion of emotion entail?

Back 19

The cognitive response portion of emotion occurs when someone is subjectively interpreting the feeling being experienced.

Front 20

What are the universal emotions?

Back 20

Happiness

Fear

Contempt

Anger

Disguist

Sadness

Suprise

Front 21

What is the james-lange theory of emotion?

Back 21

The james-lange theory of emotion proposes that emotions are a result of the brain identifying physiological changes in the body. For example, if a car cut you off, this theory would reason that the aroused state of the body causes the emotion

Front 22

What is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

Back 22

The cannon-bard theory of emotion proposes that both emotion and physiological response occurs simultaneously. Am example is when someone is afraid because of both seeing a snake as well as experiencing a racing heart.

Front 23

What is the schachter-singer theory of emotion?

Back 23

The scacther-singer theory proposes that cognitive appraisal of a specific physiological arousal causes the emotion. In other words, we will feel emotion once we can label, or identify in what context the physiological arousal is occuring.

Front 24

Where is the amygdala located? What does it process?

Back 24

The amygdala is a small, round structure they can be found anteirorly attached to the hippocamus. The amygdala is reaponsible for signaling the cortex about stimuli realted to attention and emotion. This structure plays an important role in fear.

Front 25

What does the thalamus do?

Back 25

The thalamus acts as the preliminary sensory processing area. It routes information to the cortex and various parts of the brain.

Front 26

How does the hypothalamus affect emotion?

Back 26

The hypothalamus synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters in order to maintain homeostasis.

Front 27

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

Back 27

The prefrontal cortex is associated with planning, expressing personality, and planning intricate cognitive functions.

Front 28

This area of the prefrontal cortex is thought to have a large role in decision making as it controlls emotional responses from the amygdala.

Back 28

This is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Front 29

What is cognitive appraisal?

Back 29

Cognitive appraisal is the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress.

Front 30

Cognitive appraisal consists of two stages. What is the first stage?

Back 30

Stage 1 (primary appraisal): this stage works to identify the stress as a threat, or benign, or stressful. If it is considered a threat or stressful, this triggers the second stage.

Front 31

What is the second stage of cognitive appraisal?

Back 31

Stage 2 involves the organisms evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress. This is evaluated as three things: harm, threat, or challenge.

Front 32

How is stress standardly measured?

Back 32

Stress can be quantified by the social readjustment rating scale. The units are known as 'life changing units'.

Front 33

What is the sequence of physiological responses after exposure to stress?

Back 33

This is known as the general adaptation syndrome.

Front 34

What are the three parts of the general adaptation syndrom?

Back 34

Alarm- the release of hormones such as ACTH.

Resistance- the continuous release of hormones

Exhuastion- when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response to the stressor.