Behavioral Sciences: Chapter 2

Front 1

Sensation and perception anre vastly different in the feild of psychology. Sensation aligns with transduction. What is transduction?

Back 1

Transduction is is the conversion of physical, electrical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other stimuli into electrical and chemical signals in the nervous system.

Front 2

Define perception

Back 2

Perception, on the other hand, refers to the processing of of this information to make sense of its significance.

Front 3

What are ganglia?

Back 3

Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies found outside of the central nervous system.

Front 4

These receptors respond to electronagnetic waves in the visible spectrum of light.

Back 4

Photoreceptors

Front 5

These receptors respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures.

Back 5

Hair cells

Front 6

These cells respond to painful or noxious stimuli.

Back 6

Nocireceptors

Front 7

These cells receive signals that reapong to changes in temperature.

Back 7

Thermoreceptors

Front 8

These receptors respond to the osmolarity of the blood.

Back 8

Osomoreceptors

Front 9

What is a threshold?

Back 9

A threshold is the minimum amount of stimulus that renders a difference in perception.

Front 10

There are three main types of thresholds. What are they?

Back 10

Absolute threshold

The threshold of conscious perception

The difference threshold

Front 11

What is the absolute threshold?

Back 11

The absolute threshold is the minimum stimulus of energy needed in order to activate a sensory system and create and action potential.

Front 12

What is the absolute threshold of human hearing?

Back 12

Front 13

Define threshold of conscious perception.

Back 13

Threshold of conscious perception (subliminal perception) refers to the perception of a stimulus below a given threshold. The main difference here is that the threshold of conscious perception and the absolute threshold is that trnasduction occurs in the concious perception of a threshold, but higher order brain functions are not alerted.

Front 14

What is the difference threshold?

Back 14

The difference threshold (just noticeable difference) refers to the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference.

Front 15

Desribe webers law

Back 15

Webers law states that there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus

Front 16

This theory focuses on changes in our perception of stimuli depending on both internal (psychological) and exterior (envioronmental) context.

Back 16

This theory is known as signal detection theory.

Front 17

What is reaponse bias?

Back 17

Reaponse bias refers to the tendancy of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way using nonsensory factors.

Front 18

These trials tests subjects ability on verifying if a signal is present or not.

Back 18

These are called catch trials if the signal is present. If the signal is not present, then it is known as a noise trial.

Front 19

Draw or think of a subjects response tale where there are 4 possible answers

Back 19

Front 20

Draw a picture a ******* eye and label it.

Back 20

Front 21

The eye is nourished by two sets of blood vessels. What are they?

Back 21

These vessels include the choroidal vessels as well as the retinal vessels.

Front 22

What does the duplexity theory of vision state?

Back 22

This theory states that there are two specialized cells that act as photoreceptors. These receive ligjt and dark detection, as well as color detection.

Front 23

What are cones used for?

Back 23

Cones are used for cplor and vision to sense fine detail.

Front 24

What are rods used for?

Back 24

Rods are utilized in tje sensation of black vs white...or light and dark color detection.

Front 25

Cones are named after wat wavelength of light they absorb (short, medium, and long). Which ones refer to which colors?

Back 25

S cones absorb blue light

M cones absorb green light

L cones absorb red light

Front 26

What single pigment do rods contain?

Back 26

Rhodopsin!

Front 27

Rods and cones connect with these cells

Back 27

Bipolar cells!

Front 28

Draw the structure and cell types of the working retina.

Back 28

Front 29

There are two cells that receive input from multiple retinal cells before information is passed onto the ganglion cells. What are these cells and what do they do?

Back 29

These are known as amacrine cells and horizontal cells. They can accentuate slight differences between visual information in each bipolar cell. These cells are i.portant for edge detection as they increase our perception of contrast.

Front 30

This refers to both the physical anatomical connections between the eyes and brain and the flow of visual information along these connections.

Back 30

This is known as visual pathways.

Front 31

Reorganized visual pathways are called this once they have left the optic chiasm.

Back 31

After the optic chiasm, the reorganized pathways are known as optic tracts.

Front 32

What is parallel processing?

Back 32

Parallel processing is the ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion. Then, theae features can be compared to our memories to determine what is being viewed.

Front 33

This is the neurosphychological coponent of parrallel processing. It deals with detection of color, shape or motion.

Back 33

This is known as feature detection. Our visial pathways contain specialized cells to detect these components.

Front 34

Shape is detected by these particular cells. They have a very high color spatial resolution.

Back 34

These are known as parvocellular cells. However, they only allow us to see fine detail when thoroughly examining an object while it is motionless.

Front 35

Motion is detected by these cells. What type of resolution do they efficiently exhibit?

Back 35

These are known as magnocellular cells. They have very high temporal resolution. However, magnocellular cells have poor spatial resolution.

Front 36

The iris splits the anterior chamber from the posterior chamber of the eye. What two muscles dpes the iris use to change the size of the pupil?

Back 36

The iris uses a the muscles constrictor pupillae and the dialator pupillae.

Front 37

What does the ciliary body do?

Back 37

The ciliary body works to accomodate the plens by securing it with suspendatory ligaments. The ciliary body also helps keep the anatomies moist by producing aqueous humor.

Front 38

What connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity?

Back 38

The eustacian tube

Front 39

The membranous labyrinth is located inaide of the bony labyrinth. What constitutes the membranous labyrinth?

Back 39

The membranous labyrinth consists of the cochlea, the semicircular ducts (canals) and the vestibule.

Front 40

The membranous labyrinth is filled with this potassoum rich fluid.

Back 40

Endolymph!

Front 41

This fluid cushions the inner ear structure and is found between the bony labyrinth and the membranous lanyrinth.

Back 41

Perilymph

Front 42

The cochlea is spiral shaped and contains three different comparments that run the whole way of the organ. What are these structures called?

Back 42

Scalae

Front 43

Where is the organ of corti housed?

Back 43

The organ of corti is housed in the middle scalae.

Front 44

What does the organ of corti sit on? What is just above it?

Back 44

The organ of corti rests on a thin membrane called the basilar membrane. On top of the organ of corti rests the relatively immobile tectorial membrane. The middle scalae is bathed in endolympyh while the two outsr scalae are bathed in perilymph.

Front 45

This structure is the portion of the bony labyrinth that contains the utricle and saccule. What is it? What do the utricle and saccule do?

Back 45

This portion of the bony labyrinth is known as the vestibule. The ultricle and saccule are sensetive to linear accelleration.

Front 46

How do the utricle and saccule both work?

Back 46

The utricle and saccule contain modified hair cells covered with otoliths. As the body accellerates, the otoliths resists that motion. This bends the underlying hair cells, which sends a signal to the brain.

Front 47

While the utricle and saccule are sensetive to linear acceleration, what is sensetive to rotational acceleration?

Back 47

The semicircular canals are sensitive to rotational accelleration. At the end of each semicircular canal is a swelling. This is known and an ampulla.

Front 48

The co cochlear is tonotypically organized. What does this mean?

Back 48

High frequency sounds are detected more towards the oval window. Low frequency sounds are detected towards to apex of the cochlea. This is due to the changing thickness in the basilar membrane as you go further into the cochlea.

Front 49

What is the ONLY that does not pass through the thalamus?

Back 49

This would be the sense of smell!

Front 50

What are the fpur different modalities of somatosensation (touch)?

Back 50

Pressure

Vibration

Pain

Temperature

Front 51

There are at least 5 different types of receptors thay receive tactile information. What are they?

Back 51

Pacinian corpuscles

Meissner corpuscles

Merkle disks

Ruffini endings

Free nerve endings

Front 52

What is the function of the pacinian corpuscles?

Back 52

The pacinian corpuscle is a receptor that responds to deep pressure and vibration.

Front 53

What do meissner corpuscles do?

Back 53

Meissner corpuscles respond to light and touch!

Front 54

What do merkle disks do?

Back 54

Merkle disks respond to deep pressure and texture.

Front 55

What do ruffini endings respond to?

Back 55

Ruffini endings respond to stretch.

Front 56

What do free nerve endings respond to?

Back 56

Free nerve endings respond to pain and temperature.

Front 57

Describe two-point threshold.

Back 57

Two-point threshold is the minimum distance necessary between two points for them to be felt as two distinct points.

Front 58

Temperature of the oitside world is judged by physiological zero.

Back 58

Physiological zer is the normal temperature of the skin (86-97) degrees faranheight.

Front 59

This is the ability to tell where ones body is in 3 dimensional space!

Back 59

This is known as proprioception!

Front 60

What do the gestalt principles state?

Back 60

The gestalt principles are a way for the brain to group things together or infer missing parts of a picture when the picture is incomplete.

Front 61

This gestalt principle states that elements close to one another are perceived as a unit.

Back 61

The law of proximity

Front 62

This gestalt principle states that objects that are similar tend to be grouped together

Back 62

The law of similiarity

Front 63

This gestalt principle states that elements that appear to follow the same pathway are grouped together.

Back 63

The law of good continuation

Front 64

This gestalt principle has to do with perceived contours and shapes.

Back 64

This is the law of subjective contours.

Front 65

This law states that when a space is enclosed by lines or shapes, we see a shape inside rather than discrete lines.

Back 65

This is the law of closure.

Front 66

What is the law of pragnanz?

Back 66

The law of pragnanz states that perceptual organization will always be regular, simple, and as symmetrical as possible.