Beginning Statistics Chapter 1

Front 1

What are the 4 levels of measurement?

Back 1

Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio.

Front 2

The higher the level of measurement . . . .

Back 2

. . . the more mathematical calculations can be performed on that data

Front 3

Nominal Level of measurement

Back 3

Qualitative, consisting of labels or names; no calculations can be preformed at this level.

Front 4

Quantitative data is futher classified as . . . .

Back 4

. . . continous or discrete.

Front 5

Continuous data

Back 5

???

Front 6

Data

Back 6

information, in particular, information prepared for a study.

Front 7

 Population

Back 7

 the particular group of interest.

Front 8

Parameter

Back 8

a numerical description of a particular population characteristic.

Front 9

 Sample

Back 9

subset of the population from which data are collected.

Front 10

Sample statistics

Back 10

the actual numerical descriptions of a particular sample characteristic 

Front 11

census

Back 11

data which are obtained from every member of the population.

Front 12

population values are called . . . .

Back 12

. . . parameters

Front 13

 sample values are called . . . .

Back 13

. . . statistics 

Front 14

2 branches of statistics

Back 14

descriptive statistics gather, sorts, summarizes and displays the data inferential statistics uses descriptive statistics to estimate population parameters

Front 15

Two other factors apply to continuous variables:

Back 15

1. It should be very rare to obtain identical measurements for two different individuals, because a continuous variable has an infinite number of possible values, If the data show a substantial number of tied scores, then you should suspect that the measurement procedure is very crude or that the variable is not really continuous.
2. When measuring a continuous variable, each measurement category is actually an interval that must be defined by boundaries.

Front 16

real limits

Back 16

applies to any measurement of a continuous variable, even
when the score categories are not whole numbers; positioned exactly halfway between adjacent scores

Front 17

nominal scale,The word nominal means “having to do with names.”

Back 17

involves classifying individuals into categories that have different names but that are not related to each other in any systematic way. label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations.

Front 18

ordinal scale

Back 18

consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence; rank observations in terms of size or magnitude; (first, second, third, and so on) also labels like small, medium, and large

Front 19

factor that differentiates an interval scale from a ratio scale

Back 19

nature of the zero point