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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The kidneys and ureters arise form what germ layer? |
Intermediate mesoderm |
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The kidneys develop from what entity? |
The urogenital ridge |
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Of the three subsets of the urogenital ridge, which matures into the actual kidneys? |
The metanephros |
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From which part of the metanephros do the renal pelves, calyces, and collecting ducts develop? |
The ureteric bud |
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The ureters develop from which portion of the metanephros? |
The proximal pary known as the ureteric ducts |
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From what germ line do the bladder and urethra develop? |
Urogenital sinus |
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What rib bisects the kidney? |
Rib 12 |
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The kidneys are located between which spinal levels? |
T11-L3 |
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What is the pathway for blood through the kidney? |
Abdominal aorta -> renal arteries -> interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> arcuate arteries -> interlobular arteris -> afferent arteriole -> efferent arteriole -> stellate veins -> interlobular veins -> arcuate veins -> interlobar veins _ renal veins -> inferior vena cava |
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What is the flow of filtrate through the nephron? |
Glomerulus -> bowmans capsule -> proximal tubule -> loop of henle -> distal tubule -> collecting duct -> renal pelvis |
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What is the muscle of the bladder? |
Detrusor muscle |
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What is the trigone? |
The 2 uretic orifices The opening for the urethra |
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What nerve controls the voluntary external urethral sphincter? |
Pudendal N S 2,3,4 |
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What effect does sympathetics have on the bladder? |
Relax the detrusor Activate the internal sphincter (close it off) |
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What effect does parasympathetics have on the bladder? |
Contract the detruso Inhibit/ relax the internal sphincter |
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Where does tha bladder get its blood supply? |
Internal iliac artery |
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What vasculature of the kidney controls glomerular blood flow? |
Afferent arteriole |
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What controls blood flow through peritubular capillaries? |
Efferent arteriole |
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What happens with vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles? |
Increased volume of blood into glomerulus -> increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure -> increase in filtration |
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What is the major role of peritubular capillaries? |
Reabsorption |
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What is the tissue that regulates the concentration of the urine? |
Vasa recta |
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What blood vessels bring blood back to circulation? |
Renal venules |
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What collects the filtrate? |
Bowmans capsule |
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What part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of reabsorption? |
The proximal tubule |
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Along with the vasa recta, which part of the nephron is important in controlling the concentration of urine? |
The loop of henle |
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Where in the nephron is filtrate monitored by osmoreceptors? |
Late/ convoluted distal tubule |
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Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water? |
Early/ straight distal tubule |
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Which part of the nephron regulates body sodium and potassium? |
Late/ convoluted distal tubule |
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How does the body react to low glomerular filtration rate? |
1. By causing vasodilation of the afferent arteriole via release of vasodilator substances that bind to the afferent arterioles
2. By causing vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole via release of renin, which leads ro angiotensin II and causes vasoconstriciton of the efferent arteriole |
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What are the effects of sngiotensin II? |
1. Local vasoconstrictor 2. Promotes release of aldosterone |
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What stimulates renin produciton? |
1. Decrease in renal blood flow 2. decrease in Na concentration |
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An indication of how effectively the kidneys clear or excrete individual substances in the blood is known as what? |
Plasma clearance |
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What gives a good estimate of GFR? |
Plasma clearance of inulin |
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Substances moving passively from blood into nephron is known as what? |
Filtration |
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Substances moving actively from blood into nephron is known as what? |
Secretion |
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Substances moving from nephron into blood is known as what? |
Reabsorption |
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How is water reabsorbed? |
Via osmosis |
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Where is most of the water reabsorbed? |
Proximal tubule |
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What follows when Na is actively reabsorbed? |
Cl |
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Where in the nephron does aldosterone exert its effect on K and Na? |
Convoluted/late distal tubule |
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Where is the majority of Na, Cl and K reabsorbed? |
Proximal tubule |
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What injected substance is a good measure of renal blood flow, due to the fact that there is no reabsorption and 100% secretion? |
PAH, para-aminohippuric acid |
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What are the effects of aldosterone? |
Increased K secretion Increased Na reabsorption H+ excretion |
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What are the major controls of aldosterone? |
Angiotensin II Increased extracellular concentration of K+ Decreased extracellular concentration of Na+ |
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Why does measuring creatinine clearance give an over-estimate of GFR? |
100% of filtered creatinine gets excreted without reabsorption, but a small amount also gets secreted into the nephron, making final excretion 110% of what was filtered |
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Where does ADH have its effect? What is that effect? |
It acts on the late/ convoluted distal tubule and collecting tubule, making them permeable to water by inserting water channels into the membrane |
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How is dilute urine made? |
Blood osmolality is measured by osmoreceptors, and the amounts of ADH are controlled accordingly. Low osmolarity and less ADH released results in greater excretion of water |
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An increase in osmolarity causes what to be released? |
ADH |
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What controls blood osmolality? |
The concentration of Na+ |
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How does the body respond to increased blood osmolality? |
Increased blood osmolality is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus -> release of ADH and stimulation of thirst |
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When do we get a craving for salt? |
With low blood osmolality |
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When do we feel a desire to drink? |
When we've studied too much!!
or, with increased blood osmolality |
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How is pH defined? |
log 1/[H+] |
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A weak acid with its conjugate base is known as what? |
A buffer |
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What are the four buffers of the body? |
1. Bicarbonate 2. Hemoglobin 3. Phosphate 4. Intracellular proteins |
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Generally, what is the pH of the body? |
Slightly alkaline, about 7.35-7.45 |
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A substance that donates an H+ is known as what? |
An acid |
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How is a base defined? |
An acceptor of an H+ |
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A solution that has the ability to resist pH changes despite added acid or base is known as what? |
A buffer |
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What is the most common cause of UTI? |
Escherichia coli |
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Which urease-producing bacteria is often associated with UTI, especially after catherterization? |
Proteus |
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Ureaplasma urealyticum causes what kind of infection? |
Non-gonococcal urethritis |
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What are the characteristics of nephrotic syndrome? |
1. Loss of negative charge on glomerular basement membrames, causing proteinuria 2. Generalized edema 3. Hyperlipidemia 4. Hypercholesterolemia |
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What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults? |
Membranous glomerulpnephritis |
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Nephritic syndrome is also known as what? |
Acute glomuleronephritis |
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How does nephritic syndrome manifest? |
Inflammatory rupture of glomerular capillaries and bleeding, causing hematuria |
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Chronic glomerulonephritis may lead to what conditions? |
Chronic renal failure (CRF) End-stage renal dz |
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What is the next stage of progression with acute renal failure? |
The patient may die/ does not usually progress to chronic renal failure |
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What are the Ssx of CRF? |
1. Azotemia 2. Metabolic acidosis 3. Hyperkalemia 4. Increased blood volume and HTN 5. Hypocalcemia 6. Anemia |
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What causes tubulointerstitial nephritis? |
Damage to collecting tubules and interstitium of the kidneys from drugs or toxins |
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What are the Ssx of acute pylonephritis? |
1. Perinephric abscess 2. WBC casts in urine 3. Urinary pain, frequency, urgency |
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What are the most common types of kidney stones? |
Calcium oxalate Calcium phosphate Uric acid Magnesium ammonium phosphate Cystine |
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What types of stones fill the entire renal pelvis? |
Staghorn calculi |
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Nephroblastoma is associated with what genetic defect? |
Chromosomal deletions |
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Clear cell carcinoma is associated with what paraneoplastic endocrinopathies? |
Polycythemia Hypercalcemia HTN Cushing's syndrome |
