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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacillus Cereus |
•Spore Forming Gram +ve Rods •Food Borne > Food kept warm > Fried Rice •Emetic Toxin > Preformed (fast)> 6hrs > Vomiting & Diarrhoea > Similar to S. Aureus • Diarheal Toxin > Formed in vivo (meats, sauces) > 18hrs > Watery Diarhea > Similar to E. Coli • Disease: Gastroenteritis; non bloody Diarhea + Vomitting • Self limiting |
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Bacillus Anthracis |
•Spore forming Gram +ve Rod •Reservoir > Soil, skin, animals • Lethal Factor> MAPK activation stopped > cell growth inhibition/ necrosis • Edema Factor > increase intracellular cAMP > Edema • B component = protective antigen •Disease: Anthrax; °Gastrointestinal: Rare > Bloody Diarhea, Edema, vomiting ° Cutaneous: Black eschar, localised Edema, erythmatosis ° Pulmonary: most Lethal (death in 48hrs if untreated) > Pneumonia (w/o any signs on xray) , Hemorrhagic Mediastinal Lymphadenitis (widened mediastinum on xray) , dyspnea, fever • Cephalosporin or doxycycline • Anthrax toxoid vaccine for people on high risk jobs |
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Malachite Green |
Dye for showing spores |
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Gram +ve Rods |
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Gram -ve Cocci |
•Gram -ve •Diplococci •Oxidase +ve •Cultured on chocolate agar • Endotoxin consists of LOS |
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Neisseria Mengitidis |
• Kidney bean shaped Gram -ve Diplococci • Polysach. capsule •Grows on Chocolate agar in 5% CO2 •Oxidase +ve • Ferments maltose • Reservoir- Human Nasopharynx (5-10%) • Transmission- Respiratory droplets > Oropharyngeal membrane > Bloodstream > Meninges •Virulence factors: i) Polysach. Capsule- 5 serogroups..B not immunogenic ..antiphagocytic ii) IgA protease. (iii) Endotoxin > fever, shock (iv) Pili (v) C5-C8 complement deficiency •Diseases: i) meningitis > fever, stiff neck, vomiting. (ii) Meningococcemias > DIC, shock, ecchymosis, coma, Waterhouse-Friedrechsen syndrome (adrenal insufficiency) (ii) Meningococcemias > DIC, shock, ecchymosis, coma, Waterhouse-Friedrechsen syndrome (adrenal insufficiency) |
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Neisseria Gonorrhoea |
•Gram -ve Diplococci •Reservoir...genital tract •Transmission: Sexual contact, birth. Sensitive to drying and cold •Pathogenesis: (i) Pili..antiphagocytic, attachment. (ii) Outer membrane proteins... IgA protease (iii) Endotoxins. (iv) Some strains..Porin A protein > c3b inactivation > serum resistance > disseminated infection •Diseases: (i) Opthamlia Neonatorum/Neonatal conjunctivitis (ii)Gonorrhoea; -Men > Urethritis, dysuria, purulent discharge, proctitis. -Women > Aysmomptomatic, endocervicitis, PID, proctitis. •Diagnosis: -Men; Intracellular Gram -ve Diplococci in PMNs from urethral discharge. -Women; Culture on Thayer Martin medium > Oxidase +ve colonies.. Maltose not Fermented..no capsule. •Prevention: No vaccine.. Condoms. AgNO3 or Erythromycin ointment in eyes at birth. |
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Clostridium Tetani |
•Gram +ve Rods •Spore forming. Anaerobic •Reservoir > Soil. Transmitted via puncture wounds (eg, rusted nail) •Requires low tissue oxygenation for growth. •Pathogenesis; Tetanus Toxin > CNS (intraaxonally) > Blocks release of Glycine and GABA > Spastic Paralysis •Disease; Tetanus •Clinical dxn. Give Immunoglobulin antitoxin to neutralise free Toxin. Delay wound closure. •DTaP vaccine |
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Clostridium Tetani |
•Gram +ve Rods •Spore forming. Anaerobic •Reservoir > Soil. Transmitted via puncture wounds (eg, rusted nail) •Requires low tissue oxygenation for growth. •Pathogenesis; Tetanus Toxin > CNS (intraaxonally) > Blocks release of Glycine and GABA > Spastic Paralysis •Disease; Tetanus •Clinical dxn. Give Immunoglobulin antitoxin to neutralise free Toxin. Delay wound closure. •DTaP vaccine |
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Clostridium Tetani |
•Gram +ve Rods •Spore forming. Anaerobic •Reservoir > Soil. Transmitted via puncture wounds (eg, rusted nail) •Requires low tissue oxygenation for growth. •Pathogenesis; Tetanus Toxin > CNS (intraaxonally) > Blocks release of Glycine and GABA > Spastic Paralysis •Disease; Tetanus •Clinical dxn. Give Immunoglobulin antitoxin to neutralise free Toxin. Delay wound closure. •DTaP vaccine |
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Tetanus |
•Caused by Clostridium Tetani • Clinical features; °Risus Sardonicus (smiling face) °Lockjaw °Muscle spasms °Hyperreflexia °Opisthotonus °Respiratory failure •Give Immunoglobulin antitoxin to neutralise free toxin. Penicillin. Benzodizapines to relieve spasm and respiratory support. • DTaP vaccine |
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Clostridium Botulinum |
•Anaerobic, spore forming Gram +ve Rods. •Soil reservoir •Transmission; Foodborne or traumatic implantation (IV drug users) •Spore germinate in warm, moist, nonacidic, aerobic, conditions. •Pathogenesis; Botulinum Toxin >GIT > Blood > Peripheral Nerves > Blocks Ach release > Flaccid Paralysis. •Disease; Botulism. • Botulinum Toxin is Heat labile. • Coded for by a phage
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Botulism |
• Clostridium Botulinum > Botulinum Toxin • Adult Botulism ; °from poorly canned food. °Preformed Toxin ingested ° Sxn > 1-2 days onset > -weakness -dizziness. -blurred vision. -Flaccid paralysis. ° Treatment; °respiratory support °Trivalent Antitoxin •Infant Botulism; ° Ingestion of Honey or household dust. . °Sxn; -Limpness/Flaccid paray -Dysphagia. -weak crying. °Spores ingested. Toxin produced in gut.°Sxn; -Limpness/Flaccid paray -Dysphagia. -weak crying.° Treatment; -Respiratory support.-Hyperimmune Human serum injected-Antibiotics may worsen conditions. ° Treatment; -Respiratory support. -Hyperimmune Human serum injected -Antibiotics may worsen conditions. |
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Botulism |
• Clostridium Botulinum > Botulinum Toxin • Adult Botulism ; °from poorly canned food. °Preformed Toxin ingested ° Sxn > 1-2 days onset > -weakness -dizziness. -blurred vision. -Flaccid paralysis. ° Treatment; °respiratory support °Trivalent Antitoxin •Infant Botulism; ° Ingestion of Honey or household dust. . °Sxn; -Limpness/Flaccid paray -Dysphagia. -weak crying. °Spores ingested. Toxin produced in gut.°Sxn; -Limpness/Flaccid paray -Dysphagia. -weak crying.° Treatment; -Respiratory support.-Hyperimmune Human serum injected-Antibiotics may worsen conditions. ° Treatment; -Respiratory support. -Hyperimmune Human serum injected -Antibiotics may worsen conditions. |
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Clostridium Difficile |
•Gram +ve Rod. anaerobic. Spore forming •Reservoir; Human colon/ normal Flora •Transmission; endogenous, nosocomial. •Pathogenesis; °Toxin A .... Enterotoxin> mucosa damaging > Increased Fluid > Diarhea °Toxin B ..Cytotoxin> Cytopathic. •Disease; Antibiotic associated Diarhea, Pseudo membrane Colitis. • Dxn; Stool exam for Toxin production. •Take caution in over prescribing broad spectrum Antibiotics. |
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Clostridium Perfringes |
•Gram +ve Rods, spore forming. Anaerobic. • Stormy fermentation in milk media. •Double zone of hemolysis • Reservoir; Soil and human colon. •Transmission; Foodborne , Traumatic implantation (wound contaminatiom) • Transmission; °Spores in wound > Germinate > Alpha Toxin (Lecithinase) > Disrupts cell membranes > Hemolysis, hepatic toxicity, tissue destruction. Identified by Nagler Reaction. ° Enterotoxin> Watery Diarhea > food poisoning (self limiting) •Disease; Gas gangrene: Wound contamination. Acute and increase pain at wound site. Tense tissue (edema, gas) , necrosis, fever, tachycardia. •Dxn; clinical. |
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Listeria Monocytogenes |
•Nonspore forming. Gram +ve Rods. Facultative intracellular. Tumbling motility. •Beta hemolytic. Cold growth. • Reservoir; Animals, plants and soil. Cheese,, deli and dairy products. •Transmission; Foodborne, vertical and transplacental. • Pathogenesis; 1. Internalin: Cell invasion 2. Listeriolysin O; Beta hemolysin - evade phagosome 3. Acting Rockets - from cell to cell ° Suppression of cell mediated immunity is a predisposing factor. • Diseases; 1.Lesteriosis: -in healthy ppl, asymptomatic or self limiting Diarhea -in pregnancy: Abortion, septicemia, fever+chills 2. In IC pts: septicemia & meningitis (renal transplants and adults with cancer) 3. Neonatal: °Early onset; -Sepsis -Disseminated Granulomas. °Late onset; -Meningitis & septicemia •Lab Dxn: °Gram stain + culture ° gray beta hemolytic colonies on blood agar |
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Cornybacterium Diphtheriae
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•Nonspore forming, Gram +ve Rods. Beaded appearance. •Toxin producing strains have beta prophage •Reservoir; throat and Nasopharynx •Transmission; Bacteria or phage via respiratory droplets. •Pathogenesis; Non-invasive, colonize only. °Diphteria Toxin (AB comp.) : Add ADP-Ribose to eFF2> protien synthesis inhibited. °Dirty gray pseudomembrane. •Lab Dxn; 1.Schick's test: Test immunity 2. Elek's test > documents Toxin production 3. Gray black colonies on Tellurite Plate 4. Gram stain + Methylene blue > metachromatic granules. |
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Diphtheria |
•Caused by Diphteria Toxin from Cornybacterium Diphteriae •Gray pseudomembrane in throat. Fever, soar throat, adenopathy, bull neck •Complications: °Airway obstruction °Myocarditis and arrhythmias °nerve weakness/ paralysis, esp. Of cranial nerves °Laryngeal nerve palsy °lower limb polyneuritis •Cutaneous Diphteria; ulcerating lesion covered by gray pseudomembrane, rare systemic effects |
