Fa Bacteriology

Front 1

What are the a-hemolytic bacteria?

Back 1

Streptococcus pnuemoniae (catalase positive and optochin sensitive)

Viridans Streptococci (catalase negative and optochin resistant)

Front 2

What are the B-hemolytic bacteria?

Back 2

Staphylococcus aureus (catalase and coagulase positive)

Strep pyogenes (catalase negative and bacitracin sensitive)

Strep agalactiae (catalase negative and bacitracin resistant)

Listeria monocytogenes (tumbling motility, meningitis in newborns, unpasteurized milk)

Front 3

What is the role of Catalase and coagulase in gram positive cocci?

Back 3

Catalase degrades H2O2, an antimicrobial component of PMNs. H2O2 is a substrate for myeloperoxidase.

Coagulase converts fibrinogen to a fibrin clot

Front 4

Which gram + organisms make catalase?

Back 4

Staphylococci make catalse, where Streptococci DO NOT.

Front 5

Which gram + organisms make coagulase?

Back 5

S. aureus makes coagulase

Staph epidermidis and Staph Saprophyticus DO NOT.

Front 6

Describe the virulence of Staph aureus.

Back 6

Protein A binds Fc-IgG, inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis

TSST is a superantigen that binds to MHC II and T Cell receptor, resulting in polyclonal T-Cell activation

Coagulase: converts fibrinogen to fibrin clot

Staph alpha toxin

Exfoliatins in SSS

Front 7

What types of disease (2) does Staph aureus cause?

Back 7

Inflammatory disease - skin infections, organ abcesses, pnuemonia

Toxin mediated disease - Toxic shock syndrome (TSST toxin), scalded skin syndrome(exfoliative toxin), rapid onset food poisoning (ingestion of pre-formed enterotoxin)

* S.aureus causes acute bacterial endocarditis

Front 8

group A beta hemolytic strep that is bacitracin senstive?

Back 8

Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 9

T/F antibody to M protein enhances host defense against S. pyogenes.

Back 9

TRUE

Front 10

What types of disease (3) are caused by S.pyogenes?

Back 10

1. Pyogenic - pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo

2. Toxigenic - scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome

3. Immunologic - rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis

Front 11

Describe Rhuematic fever caused by S.pyogenes?

Back 11

Rheumatic fever = PECCS

Polyarthritis
Erythema marginatum
Chorea
Carditis
Subcutaneous nodules

may be caused by pharyngitis; Pharyngitis gives you rheumatic "phever"

Front 12

How are Enterococci classified?

Back 12

as Lancefeild Group D, based on the differences in the C carbohydrate on the bacterial cell wall

Front 13

What disease do Enterococci cause?

Back 13

UTI and subacute endocarditis

Enterococci are hardier than nonenterococcal group D

they grow in 6.5% NaCl and are Penicillin G resistant

Front 14

Where do Viridans Strep grow in humans and what disease do they cause?

Back 14

they are normal flora of the oropharynx (Viridans live in the mouth because they are not afraid of-the-chin (Optichin resistant)

cause dental caries (Strep mutans)and subacute bacterial endocarditis (S. anguis)

Front 15

How is the Strep Viridans differentiated from s. pneumonie? How is it similar?

Back 15

Strep Viridans is resistant to optochin, S. pneumoniae is sensitive

both are a-hemolytic

Front 16

What are Obligate aerobes?

Back 16

bacteria that use an O2 dependant mechanism to genrate ATP

they have NO fermentative pathways

Front 17

What are some examples of obligate aerobes?

Back 17

Nocardia
Psuedomonas aeruginos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacillus

Nagging Pest Must Breathe

Front 18

Why does TB have a predilection for the apices of the lungs?

Back 18

M. tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe, the lungs have the highest PO2

Front 19

What types of disease to P.aeruginosa cause?

Back 19

infections in burn patients
nosocomial pneumonia and pnuemonia in CF patients
osteomyelitis in drug abusers
malignant otitis externa

Front 20

What are obligate anaerobes?

Back 20

bacteria that lack catalase and/ or superoxide and thus are susceptible to oxidative damage

they are generally foul smelling, difficult to culture, and produce gas in tissue

Anaerobes are normal flora of the gut

Front 21

What are some examples of obligate anaerobes?

Back 21

Actinomyces
Bacteriocides
Clostridium

Front 22

Are Aminoglycosides effective against obligate aerobes? Why or Why not?

Back 22

AminOglycosides are NOT effective against obligate anaerobes because these antibiotics require O2 to enter the bacterial cell wall

Front 23

Which bacteria are obligate intracellular bugs?

Back 23

Rickettsia and Chlamydia
Cannot make their own ATP

"stay inside (cells) when its Really Cold"

Front 24

Which bacteria are facultative intracellular bugs?

Back 24

Salmonella
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Francisella
Listeria
Yersinia
Legionella

"Some Bugs May Live FacultativeLY"

Front 25

What are Obligate aerobes?

Back 25

bacteria that use an O2 dependant mechanism to genrate ATP

Front 26

What are some examples of obligate aerobes?

Back 26

Nocardia
Psuedomonas aeruginos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacillus

Nagging Pest Must Breathe

Front 27

Why does TB have a predilection for the apices of the lungs?

Back 27

M. tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe, the lungs have the highest PO2

Front 28

What types of disease to P.aeruginosa cause?

Back 28

infections in burn patients
nosocomial pneumonia and pnuemonia in CF patients

Front 29

What are obligate anaerobes?

Back 29

bacteria that lack catalase and/ or superoxide and thus are susceptible to oxidative damage

they are generally foul smelling, difficult to culture, and produce gas in tissue

Anaerobes are normal flora of the gut

Front 30

What is the function of Peptidoglycan?

Back 30

gives rigid support, protects against smotic pressure sugar backbone with crosslinked peptide side chains

Front 31

What is the major surface antigen in the Cell Wall/ Cell Membrane of (gram positive)?

Back 31

major surface antigen techoic acid induces TNF and IL-2

Front 32

Describe the Outer Membrane of(gram negative) bacteria?

Back 32

Site of endotoxin (LPS); major surface antigen Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1; polysacchride is the antigen

Front 33

Plasma Membrane

Back 33

site of oxidative and transport enzymes lipoprotien bilayer

Front 34

Ribosome

Back 34

protein synthesis RNA and protein in 50S and 30S subunits

Front 35

Periplasm

Back 35

space between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram negative bacteria contains many hydrolytic nzms, including B-lactamases

Front 36

Capsule

Back 36

protects against phagocytosis

is Polysacchride (EXCEPT Bacillus anthracis, which contains D-glutamate)

Front 37

Pilus/ Fimbriae

Back 37

mediates adherance of bacteria to cell surface; sex pilus forms attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation glycoprotein

Front 38

Flagellum

Back 38

motility protein

Front 39

Spore

Back 39

provides resistance to dehydration, heat, and chemicals keratin-like coat; diicolinic acid

Front 40

Plasmid

Back 40

extra chromosomal DNA that contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins

Front 41

Glycocalyx

Back 41

mediates adherance to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (eg indwelling catheters) polysacchride

Front 42

For EXOTOXINS, give the following...?

1. Source
2. Chemistry
3. locations of genes

Back 42

1. certain species of gram (+) and gram (-) bugs

2. polypeptide

3. plasmid or bacteriophage

Front 43

For EXOTOXINS, give the following...?

1. Toxicity
2. Antigenicity
3. Source of Vaccines

Back 43

1. high (fatal dose in order of 1 microgram)

2. induces high titer Abs

3. toxoids are used as vaccines

Front 44

For EXOTOXINS, give the following...?

1. Heat stability
2. Typical diseases it causes

Back 44

1. destroyed rapidly at 60 degrees C (EXCEPT staph enterotoxin)

2. Tetanus, botulism, diptheria

Front 45

Are EXOTOXINS secreted from bacterial cells?

Back 45

YES

Front 46

For ENDOTOXINS, give the following...?

1. Source
2. Chemistry
3. Location of Genes

Back 46

1. cell wall of most gram (+) organisms

2. lipopolysacchride

3. bacterial chromosomes

Front 47

For ENDOTOXINS, give the following...?

1. Toxicity
2. Clinical Effects
3. Mode of Action

Back 47

1. low (fatal dose in order of hundreds of micrograms)

2. fever, shock

3. includes TNF and IL-1

Front 48

For ENDOTOXINS, give the following...?

1. Antigenicity
2. Vaccines
3. Heat Stability

Back 48

1. poorly antigenic

2. no toxoids formed and no vaccine available

3. stable at 100 degrees

Front 49

What are typical diseases caused by ENDOTOXINS?

Back 49

meningococcemia, sepsis by gram negative rods

Front 50

Are ENDOTOXINS secreted from bacterial cells?

Back 50

NO

Front 51

Which organisms are identified by each of the following stains...?

1. Ziehl-Neelsen
2. Giemsa's
3. PSA (periodic acid Schiff)

Back 51

1. Acid Fast bacteria

2. Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanasomas, Chlamydia

3. stains glycogen, mucopolysacchrides; used to diagnose Whipples disease

Front 52

Which organisms are identified by each of the following stains...?

1. India Ink
2. Silver Stain

Back 52

1. cryptococcus neoformans

2. Fungi, PCP

Front 53

Describe the EXOTOXIN of each of the following organisms...?

1. Corynebacterium diptheriae 2. Bacillus Anthracis

Back 53

1. inactivates EF-2 by ADP ribosylation (similar to exotoxin A of psuedomonas); causes pharyngitis and "pseudomembrane" in the throat

2. toxin complex; 1 toxin in the complex is a adenylate cyclase

Front 54

Describe the EXOTOXIN of each of the following organisms...?

1. Clostridium tetani
2. C. botulinum
3. C. preferinges

Back 54

1. blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine; causes "lockjaw"

2. blocks the release of ACh; causes anticholinergic symptoms, CNS paralysis; spores found in canned food, honey (causes floppy baby syndrome)

3. a-toxin is a lecithinase; causes gas gangrene; get doublezone of hemolysis on blood agar

Front 55

Describe the EXOTOXIN of each of the following organisms...?

1. Staph aureus
2. Streptococcus pyogenes

Back 55

1. toxin is a super antigen that binds to MHC II protein and T Cell receptor, inducing IL-1 and IL-2 synthesis in toxic shock syndrome; also causes food poisining

2. erythrogenic toxin (causes rash of scarlet fever) and streptolysin O (antigen for ASO antibody is found in rheumatic fever) Erythrogenic toxin is a superantigen; streptolysin O is a hemolysin

Front 56

Describe the exotoxin of the following GRAM POSITIVE bugs...?

1. E.coli
2. Vibrio Cholerae
3. Bordetella pertussis

Back 56

1. heat labile toxin stimulates adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation of G protein; causes watery diarrhea. Heat STABILE toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase
2. Stimulates adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation of G protein; increases pumping of CL- and H2O out into gut causing voluminous rice-water diarrhea
3. stimulates adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation; causes whooping cough; inhibits chemokine receptor, causing lymphocytosis

Front 57

What is the most common cause of meningitis in...?

1. newborns (0-6 mos)
2. children (6 mo-6yrs)
3. ages 6-60
4. elderly >60 years

Back 57

1. group B streptococci

2. streptococcus pneumoniae

3. N. meningitis

4. S. pnuemoniae

Front 58

What is the purpose of IgA protease in bacteria AND which organisms have them?

Back 58

allow bacteria to colonize mucosal surfaces

Streptococcus pnuemoniae
N. meningitidis
N. gonorrheae
Heamophilus influenza

Front 59

Which bacteria make IgA protease? What is the function of IgA protease?

Back 59

Strep pnuemo
N. meningitidis
N. gonorrhoeae
H. Influenzae

Front 60

Which Bacteria/ Fungi characteristically have polysacchride capsules?

Back 60

S. pnuemoniae
Klebsiella pnuemoniae
Haemophilus Influenzae
Pseudomonas
N. meningitidis
C. noefromans

Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules

Front 61

Which organism has a NON polysacchride capsule?

Back 61

B. anthracis, poly D-glutamate capsule