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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main symptoms in the different stages of syphilis?
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Primary syphilis: nontender ulcer (hard chancre)
Secondary lesions: maculopapular rash on skin, and condylomata lata on mucous membranes Tertiary stage: granulomas (gummas), central nervous system involvement (tabes dorsalis, paralysis progressiva), cardiovascular lesions (aortitis, aortic aneurysm) |
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When syphilis is diagnosed in the lab, which antigens are used in the non-treponemal and in the specific treponemal antibody tests, respectively?
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Non-treponemal antibody tests: cardiolipin
Specific treponemal antibody tests: Treponema pallidum |
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Which are the two different kinds of antibodies used in the diagnosis of syphilis? Give examples for tests demonstrating them!
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Reagin (nonspecific antibody) – RPR, VDRL (flocculation tests)
Immobilisin (specific antibody) – TPHA (T. pallidum hemagglutination), FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal assay – with antibody absorption), TPI (T. pallidum immobilisation test), |
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What is the advantage and disadvantage of the FTA-ABS syphilis serologic test compared to the VDRL test?
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Specific (treponemal) tests such as FTA-ABS are more specific, but they can not be used to follow the efficacy of treatment (because the specific antibodies persist even after effective eradication of bacteria)
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What is the drug of first choice in the treatment of syphilis?
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penicillin G
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What is the reservoir and what is the vector for Borrelia recurrentis?
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Reservoir: human; vector: louse
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What is used for the laboratory diagnosis of relapsing fever?
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Direct demonstration of bacteria from peripheral blood smear by microscopy (Giemsa stain or dark field illumination)
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What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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Mention 2 antibacterial drugs that are of first choice in early stage Lyme disease?
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Tetracyclines, amoxicillin, cefuroxim
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What is the first characteristic manifestation in the early phase of Lyme disease?
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Erythema (chronicum) migrans
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Which manifestations are characteristic for the late phases of Lyme disease?
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Arthritis, cardiac manifestations (myocarditis, pericarditis) and neurological involvement (meningitis, peripheral neuropathies)
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What is the reservoir of Leptospira interrogans?
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rodents, household animals (dog, swine etc.)
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Mention 2 obligate intracellular bacterial genuses!
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Rickettsia, Chlamydia, (Coxiella, Ehrlichia)
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Mention 4 bacteria causing atypical pneumonia!
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Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia psittaci Coxiella burnetii Mycoplasma pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila |
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Which two diseases are caused by Rickettsia prowazekii?
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Louse-borne epidemic typhus
Recurrent form: Brill-Zinsser disease |
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Mention an antibacterial drug active against rickettsial infections!
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Tetracycline, chloramphenicol
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What are the reservoir and vector of Rickettsia prowazekii infections?
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reservoir: human; vector: louse
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What are the reservoir and vector of Rickettsia typhi infections?
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reservoir: rodents; vector: flea
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What is the causative agent of epidemic typhus?
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Rickettsia prowazekii
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What is the causative agent of endemic typhus?
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Rickettsia typhi
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How can be Chlamydiae and Rickettsiae cultivated?
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These are obligate intracellular bacteria, can be cultured in experimental animals, embryonated eggs, and cell culture
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Mention an antibacterial drug active against chlamydial infections!
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Tetracycline, erythromycin, azithromycin
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List the serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis and the diseases caused by them!
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Types A,B and C: trachoma (chronic conjunctivitis)
Types D-K: genital tract infections (NGU, PID), inclusion conjunctivitis Types L1-L3: lymphogranuloma venereum (STD) |
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Mention an antibacterial drug effective against Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections!
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Erythromycin, azythromycin, tetracycline
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Why are penicillins not effective against Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
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Because of the absence of a cell wall, penicillins are ineffective (penicillins inhibit cell wall synthesis)
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What is the Weil-Felix reaction?
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It is based on the cross-reaction of an antigen present in many rickettsiae with the O antigen polysaccharide found in certain Proteus vulgaris strains (OX19 OX2, OXK). The test is a tube agglutination test in which these Proteus strains are used as antigens to demonstrate antibodies from the patient’s serum sample.
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Mention 4 bacteria frequently causing sexually transmitted diseases (STD)!
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Treponema pallidum,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Chlamydia trachomatis, (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) |
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Which bacterial species can cause hepatitis (jaundice)?
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Leptospira interrogans
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Mention 2 bacteria causing aseptic (serous) meningitis!
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Treponema pallidum, Leptospira interrogans, Borrelia burgdorferi
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Mention a bacterial pathogen which eludes the host immune response by frequent antigenic changes!
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Borrelia recurrentis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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What is the causative agent of febris recurrens (recurrent fever)?
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Borrelia recurrentis
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