B4 - Its A Green World

Front 1

Why Does The Palisade Layer Have Many Chloroplasts?

Back 1

CONTAIN MORE CHLOROPLASTS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS AS THEY ARE AT THE TOP OF THE LEAF, SO THEY CAN ABSORB THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT TO PHOTOSYNTHESISE

Front 2

What does a Leaf require to photosynthesise?

Back 2

LEAVES NEED WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE AND SUNLIGHT TO PHOTOSYNTHESISE

6CO + 6H O ---> 60 + C H O

Front 3

Function Of Guard Cells?

Back 3

SURROND STOMATA AND OPEN AND CLOSE TO LET GASES AND WATER TO DIFFUSE IN AND OUT OF THE PLANT

Front 4

What are the different layers of a leaf?

Back 4

WAXY CUTICLE, UPPER EPIDERMIS, PALISADE LAYER, SPONGY MESOPHYLL LAYER, LOWER EPIDERMIS, STOMATA AND GUARD CELLS

Front 5

What is the function and properties of the Xylem?

Back 5

TRANSPIRATION - MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM ROOTS TO THE LEAVES WHERE IT EVAPORATES FROM CELLS IN THE LEAF INTO THE AIR SPACES AND DIFFUSES OUT OF THE STOMATA.

IT HAS A THICK CELL WALL, CONTAINS LIGNIN AND HAS A HOLLOW LUMEN

Front 6

Function of each layer:
-Cuticle
-Epidermis
-Palisade
-Spongy Mesophyll
-Stomata
-Guard Cells

Back 6

-Cuticle: PREVENT WATER LOSS
-Epidermis: TRANSPARENT SO NO BLOCK OF LIGHT
-Palisade: CHLOROPLASTS TO PHOTOSYNTHESISE
-Spongy Mesophyll: AIR SPACES FOR DIFFUSION
-Stomata: GAPS FOR GAS TO DIFFUSE IN AND OUT
-Guard Cells: LET GAS IN AND WATER OUT, CONTROLS THE STOMATA

Front 7

What is meant by:
-Turgid
-Plasmolysed
-Flaccid

Back 7

-Turgid: FULL OF WATER
-Plasmolysed & Flaccid: PROCESS OF WHEN THE WATER LEAVES THE CELL AND CONTENTS SHRINK

Front 8

What is Turgor Pressure?

Back 8

SUPPORTS CELL WHICH STOPS IT FROM COLLAPSING WHEN FULL OF WATER

Front 9

In animal cells, what are the names of the processes of the cell bursting and shrinking?

Back 9

-BURSTING OF CELL IS CALLED LYSIS
-SHRINKING OF CELL IS CRENATED

Front 10

Function of Phloem?

Back 10

PHLOEM CARRIES FOOD SUBSTANCES (SUCROSE) FROM LEAVES ALL AROUND THE PLANT AND IS ALIVE. THE WHOLE PROCESS IS CALLED TRANSLOCATION

Front 11

How does water enter the plant?

Back 11

WATER ENTERS THROUGH THE ROOTS AND ROOT HAIR CELLS BY OSMOSIS

Front 12

What happens in Transpiration?

Back 12

WATER MOVES UP THE XYLEM, WHICH IS DEAD, INTO THE LEAVES AND EVAPORATES THROUGH THE CELLS: THROUGH THE AIR SPACES THEN DIFFUSES OUT OF STOMATA

Front 13

What is DIFFUSION?

Back 13

MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES OF GAS OR LIQUID FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION (RESULTS IN RANDOM MOVEMENT)

Front 14

What is OSMOSIS?

Back 14

NET MOVEMENT WHERE THERE IS AN AREA WITH MANY WATER MOLECULES TO WHERE THERE ARE FEW

Front 15

How are Leaves adapted for DIFFUSION?

Back 15

LEAVES ARE ADAPTED TO INCREASE THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER BY:
-LARGE SURFACE AREA
-SPACED OUT STOMATA
-GAPS IN SPONGY MESOPHYLL

Front 16

How is the rate of DIFFUSION increased?

Back 16

INCREASED BY SHORT DISTANCE TO TRAVEL, LARGE SURFACE AREA FOR MOLECULES TO DIFFUSE FROM

Front 17

How is energy lost in a food chain?

Back 17

-ENERGY IS LOST BECAUSE OF MOMENT, EGESTION, RESPIRATION

Front 18

BIOMASS?

Back 18

AMOUNT OF LIVING MATERIAL

Front 19

What does a food chain show?

Back 19

SHOW DIRECTION OF ENERGY FLOW

Front 20

How can TRANSPIRATION be speeded up?

Back 20

-HEAT: FASTER EVAPORATION
-SUNLIGHT: STOMATA OPEN MORE
-AIR MOVEMENT: WIND BLOWS WATER AWAY-MORE EVAPORATION
-LOW HUMIDITY: FASTER EVAPORATION

Front 21

What Minerals do Plants need and what function for?

HINT: NITRATES, PHOSPHATES, POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM

Back 21

-NITRATES: MAKING AMINO ACIDS FOR PROTEIN (GROWTH AND REPAIR)
-PHOSPHATE: MAKE DNA
-POTASSIUM: HELP ENZYME ACTION IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION
-MAGNESIUM: MAKE CHLOROPHYLL

Front 22

Lack of Nitrates leads to....

Back 22

POOR GROWTH AND YELLOW LEAVES

Front 23

Lack of Phosphates...

Back 23

POOR ROOT GROWTH AND DISCOLOURED LEAVES

Front 24

Lack of Magnesium...

Back 24

POOR FLOWER, FRUIT AND ROOT GROWTH AND DISCOLOURED LEAVES

Front 25

Lack of Magnesium..

Back 25

YELLOW LEAVES

Front 26

What is ACTIVE TRANSPORT?

Back 26

ENABLES MINERALS IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS TO ENTER ROOT HAIRS CONTAINING HIGHER AMOUNTS OF MINERALS

Front 27

What is INTENSIVE FARMING?

Back 27

USES ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES TO PRODUCE THE LARGEST CROP YIELD POSSIBLE WITH A SMALL AMOUNT OF MONEY

Front 28

HYDROPONICS:

Back 28

GROWING PLANTS IN MINERAL SOLUTIONS WITHOUT SOIL

Front 29

Advantages of HYDROPONICS:

Back 29

-HAS BETTER CONTROL OVER MINERALS AND DISEASES AND GROWS MANY PLANTS IN A SMALL PLACE
------HOWEVER, THEY USE ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS------

Front 30

ADVANTAGE OF INTENSIVE FARMING?

Back 30

-IMPROVES THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY TRANSFER
-REDUCES COMPETING ORGANISMS

Front 31

What is BIOLOGICAL CONTROL?

Back 31

USING PREDATORS TO KILL PESTS

Front 32

WHY IS BATTERY FARMING GOOD?

Back 32

-USE LESS ENERGY TO KEEP WARM AND MOVE, AND USE MORE ENERGY ON GROWTH OR EGG PRODUCTION

Front 33

WHAT DOES CANNING DO?

Back 33

FOOD IS HEATED TO KILL BACTERIA AND VACUUM PACKED TO PREVENT ENTRY OF OXYGEN AND BACTERIA

Front 34

WHAT DOES COOLING DO?

Back 34

SLOWS BACTERIAL AND FUNGIAL GROWTH (REPRODUCTION)

Front 35

FREEZING:

Back 35

KILLS MOST BACTERIA AND FUNGI

Front 36

DRYING:

Back 36

NO WATER= NOTHING FOR BACTERIA AND FUNGI TO FEED ON

Front 37

ADDING SALT OR SUGAR:

Back 37

WATER MOVES FROM MICROBES BY HIGH OSMOTIC CONCENTRATION

Front 38

VINEGAR

Back 38

KILLS BACTERIA AND FUNGI

Front 39

What is a DETRIVORE?

Back 39

FEED ON DEAD OR DECAYING MATERIAL (DETRITUS)

Front 40

HOW IS RATE OF DECAY INCREASED?

Back 40

-DETRIVORE BREAKS UP DETRITUS, SO INCREASES THE SURFACE AREA FOR MORE MICROBAL BREAKDOWN

-TEMPERATURE, OXYGEN AND WATER ALSO INCREASE

Front 41

HOW DOES OXYGEN INCREASE RATE OF DECAY?

Back 41

-MORE OXYGEN FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION OF BACTERIA (GROW AND REPRODUCE FASTER)

Front 42

HOW DOES WATER INCREASE RATE OF DECAY??

Back 42

MATERIAL ABSORBED EFFICIENTLY INCREASE GROWTH OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI

Front 43

WHAT FUNCTION DOES A SAPHROPHYTE HAVE?

Back 43

-SECRETE ENZYMES THEN DIGEST FOOD (EXTRACELLULAR)