B4

Front 1

What is the job of the nucleus of plants and animal cells?

Back 1

It contains the DNA which contains the instructions to produce proteins e.g the enzymes used in respiration and photosynthesis

Hint 1

DNA/proteins

Front 2

What is the job of the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells?

Back 2

It is a gel like substance where proteins are made and some enzyme controlled reactions take place e.g anaerobic respiration

Hint 2

proteins

Front 3

What is the role of the cell membrane in a plant or animal cell?

Back 3

It controls what enters and exits the cell and holds it all together.

Hint 3

control

Front 4

What is the role of the mitochondria in an animal or plant cell?

Back 4

The mitochondria is where the enzymes for aerobic respiration are found and where this type of respiration takes place.

Hint 4

respiration

Front 5

What does the rigid cell wall of a plant cell do?

Back 5

It supports and strengthens the cell.

Front 6

What is the job of the vacuole of a plant cell do?

Back 6

It contains the cell sap which is a solution of sugar and salts.

Hint 6

cell sap

Front 7

Chloroplasts are where the reactions for photosynthesis take place. True/False?

Back 7

True, they contain chlorophyll, a green substance and the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.

Hint 7

Chlorophyll, enzymes

Front 8

What are the different parts of a yeast cell?

Back 8

Cell membrane

Cell wall

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Front 9

Do bacteria have a nucleus?

Back 9

No, they have a circular molecule of DNA that stays in the cytoplasm. They don't have mitochondria but can still respire aerobically

Hint 9

circular molecule

Front 10

What are enzymes?

Back 10

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Hint 10

catalysts

Front 11

What is a substrate and an active site?

Back 11

A substrate is a molecule that is changed ( either split apart or joined together) in a reaction. A substrate has to be a correct shape to fit in the active site because each enzyme has a different active site. The active site is where the substrate is changed.

Hint 11

Lock and key model

Front 12

What is needed for an enzyme to work at its optimum?

Back 12

Temperature - increase in temperature = increase rate - however if it gets too hot the bonds holding the enzyme together break. This changes the shape of the active site so it won't work with the substrate anymore. This is when it has denatured.

pH- pH also needs to be controlled as it can also cause the enzyme to denature.

Hint 12

Heat/Cold

Acid/alkali

Front 13

What is respiration?

Back 13

Respiration is a series of chemical reactions that release energy by breaking down large food molecules. It happens in every living cell.

Hint 13

chemical reactions - energy - food molecules

Front 14

What can the energy released in respiration be used for?

Back 14

Movement - energy is required to make muscles contract

Active transport- needs energy to move substances in & out.

synthesis of polymers - requires energy to join smaller molecules together.

Front 15

What are the two types of respiration?

Back 15

Anaerobic - without oxygen

Aerobic - with oxygen

Front 16

Which releases more energy per glucose molecules?

Back 16

Aerobic

Hint 16

the one that is used most of the time

Front 17

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Back 17

Glucose + oxygen = Carbon dioxide +water

Hint 17

C6-H12 - O6 + O2 = CO2 +h2o

Front 18

When does anaerobic respiration usually take place?

Back 18

When there is little or no oxygen.

Human cells - exercise due to not enough oxygen being supplied for aerobic.

Plant cells - when oxygen is unavailable in waterlogged soil.

Bacteria - under skin there is very little oxygen

Front 19

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells?

Back 19

Glucose = lactic acid (+energy released)

Front 20

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plant cells and some microorganisms?

Back 20

Glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide

Front 21

What is fermentation?

Back 21

When microorganisms break down sugars into other products as they respire anaerobically.

Front 22

When can fermentation be used?

Back 22

Biogas - it is fermented plant and animal waste which contain carbohydrate. The biogas produced it made mainly of methane and carbon dioxide.

Bread - yeast is used to ferment the flours carbohydrates causing a release of Co2 which makes the bread rise.

Alcohol - Yeast ferment sugar to make ethanol. The sugar comes from grape&barley.

Front 23

What is photosynthesis?

Back 23

Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that use energy from sunlight to produce food(glucose).

Front 24

Where does photosynthesis happen?

Back 24

The green parts of plants where the chlorophyll is in the chloroplasts.

Front 25

What is chlorophyll?

Back 25

A substance that absorbs sunlight and then allows this energy to be converted in to useful products (glucose, water and CO2)

Front 26

What is the equation for photosynthesis and which is the waste product?

Back 26

carbon dioxide + water --light energy-- glucose + oxygen

oxygen is the waste product.

Front 27

Organisms that photosynthesise are usually at the ______ of food chains.

Back 27

the start.

They make the suns energy available to other organisms by the conversion of glucose that is then transferred when photosynthetic organisms are eaten.

Front 28

What three ways is the glucose used in plants?

Back 28

Respiration- process that releases the glucoses energy

To make chemicals for growth - cellulose for cell walls, combined with nitrogen to make amino acids, chlorophyll

Stored as starch for when the rate of photosynthesis is lower

Front 29

What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis and are limiting factors?

Back 29

the factor depends on environmental conditions

1) amount of light - at night

2) amount of CO2

3) temperature - in winter

Front 30

Why does a raised light level only increase the rate of photosynthesis to a certain point?

Back 30

it doesn't make a difference after a certain point because the temperature of CO2 level will then become a limiting factor because they are imbalanced. This is the same for CO2.

Front 31

What does the temperature have to be for the rate of photosynthesis to be quick?

Back 31

Can't be too low because then the enzymes work slowly

Can't be too high ( usually around 45 degrees ) because then the enzymes needed will denature.

Front 32

What is a transect?

Back 32

It is a way of investigating how something changes across an area.

Front 33

How do you take a transect?

Back 33

1)run a tape measure between 2 fixed points

2)move along from one end to the other collecting all the data you want.

Front 34

What is a light meter?

Back 34

A sensor that accurately measures the level of light.

Front 35

What is a quadrat?

Back 35

A square frame divided into a grid that helps to show the distribution of something.

Front 36

What is an Identification Key?

Back 36

A series of questions that helps to narrow down the identification of a plant.

Front 37

What is diffusion?

Back 37

It is the passive overall movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. e.g gases from photosynthesis move through plants through diffusion

Front 38

What is osmosis?

Back 38

A type of diffusion that is the overall movement of water from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

Front 39

What is a partially permeable membrane?

Back 39

A membrane that only allows certain substances to diffuse through it e.g small molecules like water but not large ones like sucrose

Front 40

What is the aim of osmosis?

Back 40

to balance the concentration on both sides of the membrane.

Front 41

Why do plants use osmosis?

Back 41

to take in water. The concentration is usually higher in the soil than in the plant and so is taken into the roots through osmosis.

Front 42

What is active transport?

Back 42

It is the overall movement of chemicals across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy released in respiration?

Front 43

What are differences between diffusion and active transport?

Back 43

1)Active transport requires energy whereas diffusion doesn't.

2) active transport is across a cell membrane??